Biomedical Ethics Unit One

Front 1

conflict of interest

Back 1

a situation in which an individual's personal interests appear to influences the exercise of his or her responsibilites

Front 2

Patients need this in order to trust HCP

Back 2

HCP's obligation and the reasoning that justifies it

Explicit statement of patients rights and reasoning

identification and explanation of issues that commonly arise in relations between HCP and patient and explanation of how medical decisions affecting a patient are to be made and why.

Front 3

Biomedical ethics

Back 3

the study of the theoretical foundations of rights and obligations in health care relationships

Front 4

Advance Directives

Back 4

Directives made when the patient is still competent for when she will no longer be comptent

Front 5

Passive euthenasia

Back 5

withholding treatment which leads to deathq

Front 6

active euthanasia

Back 6

direct actions that result to patients death

Front 7

physician assisted euthanasia

Back 7

voluntary suicide by a patient committed with the assistance of physcian

Front 8

Eugenics

Back 8

controlled breeding practices used to improve the genetic quality of offspring

Front 9

allocation

Back 9

distribution of goods and services among alternative possibilities for their use.

Front 10

macroallocation

Back 10

social decisions made about the expenditure for the distribution of resources intended for health care (Example with the government)

Front 11

Microallocation

Back 11

within the health care. decisions made by particular institutions or HCPS concerning who will receive available resources ex: organs

Front 12

commodicfication

Back 12

the selling, buying or profiting fro the sale of the human body, tissue or the information derived from research on it

Front 13

morality

Back 13

a formal system meant to generate co-operative behaviour and regulate interpersonal social relationships through practical action guidance and conflict resolution

Front 14

ethics

Back 14

the systematic study of morality, the study of concepts and theoretical justification involved in practical reasoning or reasoning meant to be applied to govern individual behaviour.

Front 15

metaethics

Back 15

the identification, explication and critical evaluation of morality as a concept

Front 16

normative ethics

Back 16

statements, often in the form of principles or rules, that tell people what to do or how to live a moral life

Front 17

applied ethics

Back 17

the study of theoretical and practical moral issues involved in specific contexts

Front 18

morality (general)

Back 18

views about how one should behave, what is good and what is wrong. system of rules which cause individuals to act in predictable, co-operative ways that minimize conflict between them.

Front 19

two main purposes of morality

Back 19

guidelines of how to act and predictability of others behaviour

Front 20

are humans naturally egoist?

Back 20

yes, and sometimes our own interests infringe the interests of others.

morality helps balance

Front 21

five cs of morality

Back 21

compassion, compromise, conquer, conflict and cooperation

Front 22

rights (3 categories)

Back 22

political rights, moral rights and legal rights

Front 23

moral rights

Back 23

justified by reasoning of an enlightened conscience regarding human needs and welfare

p

Front 24

Political and legal rights

Back 24

validation by laws which in turn must be morally justified.

Front 25

negative rights

Back 25

rights to non interference, according to which others refrain from doing something or interfering with an individual

Front 26

positive rights

Back 26

rights to the provision of some item or service, for example the right to receive education

Front 27

sources of morality

Back 27

1.subjectivism

2.moral or ethical relativism

3.objectivism a)an authority b)reason/rationality

Front 28

why can't morality be based on subjectivity

Back 28

because it is based on peoples opinions

Front 29

why cant it be relativism

Back 29

because it is based on majority meaning that the majority would have to change their mind at the same time for there to be change

also conflict between two different groups wouldnt be resolvable.

Front 30

what does morality depend on to establish validity

Back 30

justifying reasons and logic

Front 31

what does conflict resolution depend on

Back 31

there being some objective standard of rightness

Front 32

objectivism

Back 32

the belief that certain things especially moral truths exist independently of human knowledge or perception of them

means there is at least one standard or principle that is accepted by all people in all places and times.

Front 33

those responsible for solving a dilemma must

Back 33

1.clarify contextual details

2.verify thier own understanding of terminology and procedures

3.verify information

4.analyze the arguments given for each action choice

5.check the relevant code of ethics

6.consider examples and counter examples

Front 34

deontology

Back 34

a duty based moral theory in which some behaviours are morally obligatory or prohibited regardless of the good consequences that may be achieved by doing them or not doing them.

Front 35

who created deontology

Back 35

Emmanuel Kant

Front 36

what does kant believe moral duties are?

Back 36

categorical (unqualified), unconditions (universal and binding on all people at all times)

Front 37

two types of duties

Back 37

perfect: obligatory and can never be breacher and imperfect: aims at a particular outcome so they are of secondary importance

Front 38

categorical imperative

Back 38

a universally binding unconditional or absolute moral requirement

Front 39

autonomy

Back 39

the general ability of the individual to govern herself, to formulate and pursue her own life plans, goals and values.

Front 40

Kant: categorical imperative in two forms

Back 40

universalizability and humanity as an end itself.

all should go through universalizability first and then it must passed the second level as well

Front 41

prima facia duty

Back 41

a duty that is morally obligatory unless if conflicts with another moral duty in which case the more pressing duty takes precedence

Front 42

Ross believes there are 7 prima facia duties

Back 42

fidelity

reparation

gratitude

beneficence

self-improvement

nonmaleficence

Front 43

utilitarianism

Back 43

also known as cost benefit analysis

consequence based theory judged by outcomes of the actions.

Front 44

principle of utility

Back 44

the belief that we ought to maximize benefit or good consequence and minimize harm or negative consequence for the greatest number of individuals affected by our situation.

Front 45

who created utilitarianism

Back 45

Jeremy Bentham

individual seeks pleasure over pain.

Front 46

hedonistic utilitarianism

Back 46

based on physical sensations.

Front 47

what did john stuart add

Back 47

added quality of pleasures over quantity of pleasure and including intellectual pleasures.

Front 48

moral agent

Back 48

any rational mature individual who is capable of understanding the various obligations and action options of a situation and who is held responsible for the choices she makes

Front 49

modern utilitarianism uses a two level strategy

Back 49

rule utility: we use general rules that benefir all people and acknowledge and protect individual rights. observing a common set of rules usually creates the greatest good for the greatest number.

act utility: in which we are allowed to make decisions on case by case consideration of act utilitarianism

Front 50

justice

Back 50

the duty to give each individual equal consideration based on contextual details of the situation or to treat similar cases similarly and different cases differently.

Front 51

ethic of care

Back 51

a two pronged theory of moral development widely used to guide actions and resolve conflicts by (1) minimizing and avoiding harm and (2) maintaining, protecting and creating positive relationships.

Front 52

Ethic of care

two principles were identified to guide moral decision making given in order of importance

Back 52

1.minimize or avoid harm

2.create, maintain and protect positive relationships

Front 53

virtue ethics

Back 53

focus on how one ought to live and what type of person one should be, requiring that each individual cultivate an excellent character.

Front 54

intellectual virtues

Back 54

acquired through education and teach us to reason accurately and thoroughly, following the rules of logic

Front 55

moral virtues

Back 55

must be habituated, training our emotions to be obedient to the virtuous intellect in all our actions causing us to do that right thing at the right time.

Front 56

four principles of biomedical ethics

Back 56

1.respect for autonomy

2.beneficence

3.nonmaleficence

4.justice

Front 57

moral community

Back 57

a group of moral persons or moral agents, individuals who agree to voluntarily limit their behaviour in order to achieve personal and social benefits through promoting the goals of morality

Front 58

paternalism

Back 58

the policy or practice on the part of people in position of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those dependant on them

Front 59

weak paternalism

Back 59

the belief that it is permissible to interfere with the autonomy of a competent individual only when he is acting in an apparently irrational fashion that could lead to harm

Front 60

strong paternalism

Back 60

the belief that it is permissible to override the autonomy of a competent individual in order to promote beneficence and nonmaleficence

Front 61

competence

Back 61

an individual's ability to perform a particular task, competence to make medical decisions requires the rational, mentally mature decision maker to (1)be free from any internal or external constraints that might impede his ability to understand (2) be able to make a decision that reflects his long term settled values.

Front 62

substituted judgement

Back 62

a decision made by a surrogate decision maker for a non competent patient based on what the patient would want if her were able to decide for himself

Front 63

proxy directive

Back 63

a legal document in which competent patient designates a person to make medical decisions for her when she is no longer competent to speak for herself

Front 64

instructional advance directives

Back 64

written statements made while a patient is competent for use at a time when she is no longer competent

Front 65

prima facie right

Back 65

a moral right that must be honoured unless it comes into conflict with the moral right of another, a prima facie right is limited not absolute.

Front 66

5 checklist items to ensure consent is good

Back 66

1. disclosure

2. comprehension

3.voluntariness

4.competence

5.consent

Front 67

ethical relativism

Back 67

the claim that there is no universal moral obligations binding on all people in all places at all times, that morality is created by individuals or by cultures/societies so each is morally right and none is morally wrong