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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
name the two types of cells in nervous system
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Glial and neurons
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what are the glial cells responsible for
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structure and support, and continued cell division(mitosis)
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what are neurons responsible for
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manipulate flow of charges across cell membrane and have high voltage gated ion channels that aid in manipulation of charges
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what three things are in the homeostatic loop
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receptor, control, center
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what structure is the receptor of the nervous system
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skin surface, mouth buds
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what structure is the control center of the nervous system
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CNS
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what structure is the effector of the nervous system
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smooth muscle, cardiac and skeletal muscle, and glands
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what is the receptors job in the nervous system
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monitors controlled condition
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what is the control center's job in the nervous system
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receives input and provides output
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what is the effector's job in the nervous system
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bring about change on controlled condition
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pathways INTO the CNS are.... afferent or efferent?
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afferent
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pathways OUT of CNS are...afferent or efferent?
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efferent
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sensory is...afferent or efferent?
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afferent
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motor is...afferent or efferent?
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efferent
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sensory info is recieved through what process
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transduction
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what does the PNS consist of
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cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexi, and sensory receptors
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what does the CNS consist of
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brain and spinal cord
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what two systems are involved in processing sensory info
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PNS and CNS
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What two categories/systems are involved of effecor in the efferent flow
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ANS and Somatic Nervous system
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which nervous system is not under conscious control and is further divided into sympathethic and parasympathetic
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ANS
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what is the job of the ANS
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info passes through 1 or several neurons of ANS to the effectors
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describe the Somatic nervous system
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Voluntary and it begins in cerebral and cerebellar cortex and passes through axons to the spinal cord or to the brainstem
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what is the name for contacts between nerve cells
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synapses
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Synapses relay the info from the Somatic Nervous systems to another set of neurons called
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alpha motor neurons
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the word for collection of nerve cells in PNS
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ganglion
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the word for collection of nerve cells in CNS
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nucleus
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what is the job of the enteric nervous system
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controls motility and functions of digestive organs
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what is a network of neurons in an arrangement
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plexus
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what is the job of neurons
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receive, process, and transmit info
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what is the job of glial cells
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maintain structural and chemical environment
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name the 4 types of glial cells
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astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells
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where do neurons gather info
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dendrites
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where do neurons process info
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dendritic tree and cell body
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how to neurons transmit info
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using their axon and axon terminals
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what type of neuron is extensively branched tree surrounding its cell body
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multipolar neuron
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what structure is myelinated(covered by insulated sheath) and it's terminal is where info is sent to next neuron or muscles/glands
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axon
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what kind of cell has a large and elaborate dendritic tree and is found in the cerebellum
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purkinje cell
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what kind of cell found in the motor areas of cortex collects info but from a small number of cells so it's dendritic tree doesn't need as many branches
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pyramidal cell
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what type of neuron has a dendritic tree and axonal branches that look like mirror images of each other. they are found in places where info is relayed
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bipolar neuron
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what type of neuron moves the cell body off to the side so the info can bypass the cell body and not be processed or transformed
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unipolar neuron
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what type of glial cell forms borders of CNS, help to form BBB, act as a sponge to soak up potentially harmful ions and waste products
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astrocytes
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what does the BBB do
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permits only lipid-soluble substances, certain amino acids, and glucose to pass
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what type of glial cell forms myelin sheaths which insulate nerve axons that must send info over long distances
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Oligodendrocytes
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what are the gaps in myelin sheaths called
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Nodes of Ranvier
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what type of glial cell swallows and digest invaders(immune) and is similar to monocytes
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microglia
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what type of glial cell makes up a single layer of border cells lining the ventricles which the open spaces are then filled with CSF. this cell has cilia that rows the cell through CSF
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ependymal cells
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what type of glial cell in PNS deals with border and chemical balance (similar to astrocytes)
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Satelitte (think of satelittes bordering our earth)
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what type of glial cell in PNS deals with insulation (similar to oligodendrocytes) except the axons ensheathed by these cells CAN regenerate
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Schwann cells
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a bundle of axons all traveling together in the PNS is called...
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NERVE
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a bundle of axons all traveling in CNS is called.....
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TRACT
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nerves are named by what
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location and function
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tracts are named by what
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appearance and location
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clusters or sheets of neuronal cell bodies (white or gray matter)
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gray matter
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cylinders or sheets of neuronal axons wrapped in lipid-rich myelin (white or gray matter)
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white matter
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what is the pathway called that is between cortex and spinal cord
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corticospinal tract
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energy where the ions are not free to flow, ions have to wait for opening of protein channels or escort
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potential
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what prevents charged molecules from crossing cell membrane
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non-polar tails
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word for: the potential energy of charged particles
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VOLTAGE
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word for: measured in amperes, number of charges that flow per sec
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CURRENT
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word for: force which holds the charges in place measure in Ohms
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RESISTANCE
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what is Ohm's law
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Voltage (v) is equal to the current (i) times the resistance(r) V= ir
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word for: the inverse of resistance, measured in siemens
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conductance (g)
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what type of channel randomly opens and closes and is NOT (active in response to stimuli)
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Leakage channels
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what type of channel opens and closes by chemicals outside the neuron (active to stimuli)
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ligand-gated channels
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what type of channel is opened by pushing or pullin or stretching forces on the neuron (active to stimuli)
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mechanically gated channels
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what type of channel opens and closes in response to changes in the voltage difference across the neuronal membrane (active in response to stimuli)(location:axon)
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voltage-gated channels
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outside of the neuron what is CSF mostly consist of
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table salt dissolved in water
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inside of the neuron the cytosol mostly consists of
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potassium and phosphate with some dissolved protein
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T/f protein is trapped in the neuron
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TRUE protein is trapped in the neuron
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what are the numbers for sodium inside and outside a neuron
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Inside: 10
oustide: 140 |
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what are the numbers for chloride inside and outside a neuron
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inside:20 Outside:103
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what are the numbers for potassium inside and outside a neuron
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inside:140 outside:4
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what are the numbers for calcium inside and outside a neuron
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inside:ZERO outside: 5
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(what force) sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium want form their high concentration to a low concentration
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concentration forces (diffusion forces)
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(what force) positive ions want to be where there are excess neg charges. negative ions want to be where there are excess positive charges. It requires a lot of energy to "pack" together positive charged ions
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Electrical forces
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a neuron is negative no the inside so electrical forces...
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positive charged ions want in and neg charged ions want out
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(word for) the point where the two forces (diffusional and electrical) are equal and opposite
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equilibrium potential (Nernst potential)
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(word for) is maintained by leak channels. 9 K+ leak channels open for every 1 Na+ leak channel
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resting potential
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(channel) used when neurons signal each other or when neurons signal muscle cells
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ligand-gated channels
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(channel) used to move info within a single neuron, from cell body to axon terminals
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voltage-gated channels
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(word for) used by neurons to send info over long distances, results from opening and closing Voltage-gated channels
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action potential
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(word for) has voltage-gated sodium channels with a special property, when the voltage becomes less neg, the channels open
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axonal membrane potential
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(word for) tipping point, is the point at which depolarization will trigger an action potential
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Threshold
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what happens when threshold is reached...
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all voltage-gated sodium channels open
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(word for) voltage gated Na+ channels close after being open 1 msec and second gate slowly closes
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sodium channel inactivation
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(word for) resistant to change (when Na+ inactivated and K+channels open)
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refractory
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(word for)when firing an action potential is impossible
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absolute refractory
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(word for) when it's difficult to fire an action potential because not all voltage-gated channels have reset(it's difficult but not impossible)
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relative refractory
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sequence of action potential
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resting, threshold, depolarization, peak, repolarization, after-hyperpolarization, return to restig potential
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