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89 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
name the two types of cells in nervous system
Glial and neurons
what are the glial cells responsible for
structure and support, and continued cell division(mitosis)
what are neurons responsible for
manipulate flow of charges across cell membrane and have high voltage gated ion channels that aid in manipulation of charges
what three things are in the homeostatic loop
receptor, control, center
what structure is the receptor of the nervous system
skin surface, mouth buds
what structure is the control center of the nervous system
CNS
what structure is the effector of the nervous system
smooth muscle, cardiac and skeletal muscle, and glands
what is the receptors job in the nervous system
monitors controlled condition
what is the control center's job in the nervous system
receives input and provides output
what is the effector's job in the nervous system
bring about change on controlled condition
pathways INTO the CNS are.... afferent or efferent?
afferent
pathways OUT of CNS are...afferent or efferent?
efferent
sensory is...afferent or efferent?
afferent
motor is...afferent or efferent?
efferent
sensory info is recieved through what process
transduction
what does the PNS consist of
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexi, and sensory receptors
what does the CNS consist of
brain and spinal cord
what two systems are involved in processing sensory info
PNS and CNS
What two categories/systems are involved of effecor in the efferent flow
ANS and Somatic Nervous system
which nervous system is not under conscious control and is further divided into sympathethic and parasympathetic
ANS
what is the job of the ANS
info passes through 1 or several neurons of ANS to the effectors
describe the Somatic nervous system
Voluntary and it begins in cerebral and cerebellar cortex and passes through axons to the spinal cord or to the brainstem
what is the name for contacts between nerve cells
synapses
Synapses relay the info from the Somatic Nervous systems to another set of neurons called
alpha motor neurons
the word for collection of nerve cells in PNS
ganglion
the word for collection of nerve cells in CNS
nucleus
what is the job of the enteric nervous system
controls motility and functions of digestive organs
what is a network of neurons in an arrangement
plexus
what is the job of neurons
receive, process, and transmit info
what is the job of glial cells
maintain structural and chemical environment
name the 4 types of glial cells
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells
where do neurons gather info
dendrites
where do neurons process info
dendritic tree and cell body
how to neurons transmit info
using their axon and axon terminals
what type of neuron is extensively branched tree surrounding its cell body
multipolar neuron
what structure is myelinated(covered by insulated sheath) and it's terminal is where info is sent to next neuron or muscles/glands
axon
what kind of cell has a large and elaborate dendritic tree and is found in the cerebellum
purkinje cell
what kind of cell found in the motor areas of cortex collects info but from a small number of cells so it's dendritic tree doesn't need as many branches
pyramidal cell
what type of neuron has a dendritic tree and axonal branches that look like mirror images of each other. they are found in places where info is relayed
bipolar neuron
what type of neuron moves the cell body off to the side so the info can bypass the cell body and not be processed or transformed
unipolar neuron
what type of glial cell forms borders of CNS, help to form BBB, act as a sponge to soak up potentially harmful ions and waste products
astrocytes
what does the BBB do
permits only lipid-soluble substances, certain amino acids, and glucose to pass
what type of glial cell forms myelin sheaths which insulate nerve axons that must send info over long distances
Oligodendrocytes
what are the gaps in myelin sheaths called
Nodes of Ranvier
what type of glial cell swallows and digest invaders(immune) and is similar to monocytes
microglia
what type of glial cell makes up a single layer of border cells lining the ventricles which the open spaces are then filled with CSF. this cell has cilia that rows the cell through CSF
ependymal cells
what type of glial cell in PNS deals with border and chemical balance (similar to astrocytes)
Satelitte (think of satelittes bordering our earth)
what type of glial cell in PNS deals with insulation (similar to oligodendrocytes) except the axons ensheathed by these cells CAN regenerate
Schwann cells
a bundle of axons all traveling together in the PNS is called...
NERVE
a bundle of axons all traveling in CNS is called.....
TRACT
nerves are named by what
location and function
tracts are named by what
appearance and location
clusters or sheets of neuronal cell bodies (white or gray matter)
gray matter
cylinders or sheets of neuronal axons wrapped in lipid-rich myelin (white or gray matter)
white matter
what is the pathway called that is between cortex and spinal cord
corticospinal tract
energy where the ions are not free to flow, ions have to wait for opening of protein channels or escort
potential
what prevents charged molecules from crossing cell membrane
non-polar tails
word for: the potential energy of charged particles
VOLTAGE
word for: measured in amperes, number of charges that flow per sec
CURRENT
word for: force which holds the charges in place measure in Ohms
RESISTANCE
what is Ohm's law
Voltage (v) is equal to the current (i) times the resistance(r) V= ir
word for: the inverse of resistance, measured in siemens
conductance (g)
what type of channel randomly opens and closes and is NOT (active in response to stimuli)
Leakage channels
what type of channel opens and closes by chemicals outside the neuron (active to stimuli)
ligand-gated channels
what type of channel is opened by pushing or pullin or stretching forces on the neuron (active to stimuli)
mechanically gated channels
what type of channel opens and closes in response to changes in the voltage difference across the neuronal membrane (active in response to stimuli)(location:axon)
voltage-gated channels
outside of the neuron what is CSF mostly consist of
table salt dissolved in water
inside of the neuron the cytosol mostly consists of
potassium and phosphate with some dissolved protein
T/f protein is trapped in the neuron
TRUE protein is trapped in the neuron
what are the numbers for sodium inside and outside a neuron
Inside: 10
oustide: 140
what are the numbers for chloride inside and outside a neuron
inside:20 Outside:103
what are the numbers for potassium inside and outside a neuron
inside:140 outside:4
what are the numbers for calcium inside and outside a neuron
inside:ZERO outside: 5
(what force) sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium want form their high concentration to a low concentration
concentration forces (diffusion forces)
(what force) positive ions want to be where there are excess neg charges. negative ions want to be where there are excess positive charges. It requires a lot of energy to "pack" together positive charged ions
Electrical forces
a neuron is negative no the inside so electrical forces...
positive charged ions want in and neg charged ions want out
(word for) the point where the two forces (diffusional and electrical) are equal and opposite
equilibrium potential (Nernst potential)
(word for) is maintained by leak channels. 9 K+ leak channels open for every 1 Na+ leak channel
resting potential
(channel) used when neurons signal each other or when neurons signal muscle cells
ligand-gated channels
(channel) used to move info within a single neuron, from cell body to axon terminals
voltage-gated channels
(word for) used by neurons to send info over long distances, results from opening and closing Voltage-gated channels
action potential
(word for) has voltage-gated sodium channels with a special property, when the voltage becomes less neg, the channels open
axonal membrane potential
(word for) tipping point, is the point at which depolarization will trigger an action potential
Threshold
what happens when threshold is reached...
all voltage-gated sodium channels open
(word for) voltage gated Na+ channels close after being open 1 msec and second gate slowly closes
sodium channel inactivation
(word for) resistant to change (when Na+ inactivated and K+channels open)
refractory
(word for)when firing an action potential is impossible
absolute refractory
(word for) when it's difficult to fire an action potential because not all voltage-gated channels have reset(it's difficult but not impossible)
relative refractory
sequence of action potential
resting, threshold, depolarization, peak, repolarization, after-hyperpolarization, return to restig potential