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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the role of blood in servicing the cells and tissues
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- transportation
- regulation - protection |
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What is the role of lymph in servicing the cells and tissues
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- returns liquid to blood and returns the few smaller proteins that manage to leak out of the capillaries
- filters - transports fat |
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What is the role of intersitital fluid in servicing the cells and tissues
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- surrounds cells
- support/protection - transportation |
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What are the crharacteristics of blook
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- viscous (5-6 L)
- adhesive (sticky) - more dense than water - contains iron - temp= 38 C 100.5 F - pH= 7.35 - 7.45 - 0.85 - 0.90% NaCl |
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What are the major formed elements of the blood?
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cells: WBC, RBC, Platelets
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Where are the formed elements made?
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In red bone marrow
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What is the structure of erythrocytes (RBC)
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- punched in spheres
- bi-concave discs - no nucleus (live 120 days) - contains hemoglobin and iron |
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What substance is importnats in the carrying of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
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hemoglobin
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Define erythropoiesis
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erythro = RBC
poiesis = to make or form 2 million RBCs made per secone |
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What diseases relate to the imbalance between erythropoiesis and cell destruction
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- polycythemia = excess RBC formation
- anemia = insufficient RBCs or insufficient hemoglobin leading to poor oxygen carrying capacity of blood |
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Define reticulocyte
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an immature RBC
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What is reticulocyte count
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Indicates rate of erythropoiesis
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What does a low reticulocyte count indicate
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- less than 0.5%
- indicates an abnormally low rate or erythropoiesis, may be caused by aplastic anemia |
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What does a high reticulocyte count indicate
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- more than 1.5%
- indicates an abnormally high rate of erythropoiesis. May be caused by oxygen deficiency |
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Describe 3 changes which occur within erythrocytes as they mature
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1. cell becomes smaller
2, nucleus disappears 3. hemoglobin increases |
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Define leukocyte
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white blood cell
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what are two major groups of leukocytes
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1. Granular
2. agranular |
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The are granular leukocytes
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neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
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The are agranular leukocytes
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monocytes (macrophages in tissue) and lymphocytes (T & B)
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What is phagocytosis carried out by
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neutrophils, monocytes (tissue macrophages)
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How is antibody production carried out by
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Lymphocytes. B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
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What is differential count
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Counts the percentages of the different kinds of WBC
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What is the normal differential count for neutrophils and what may cause elevated levels?
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- 60-70%
- bacterial infections |
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What is the normal differential count for eosinophils and what may cause elevated levels?
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- 2-4%
- allergies, parasites |
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What is the normal differential count for basophils and what may cause elevated levels?
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- 0-1%
- inflammation |
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What is the normal differential count for lymphocytes and what may cause elevated levels?
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- 20-30%
- viral infections |
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What is the normal differential count for monocytes and what may cause elevated levels?
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- 3-8%
- Chronic infections |
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What are the normal values for:
RBC Hgb Hematocrit WBC Platelets |
RBC=4-6 million
Hgb=14-16 grams/100 ml Hematocrit=40-54% (packed cell volume) WBC=5,000-10,000/mm3 Platelets=150,000-400,000 |
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What is leukocytosis
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WBC greater than 10,000 mm3
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What is leuocytopenia
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WBC less than 5,000 mm3
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Describe the structure of thrombocytes and explain their role in blood coagulation
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Platelets small, nonnucleated cells (fragments of cells) essential for initiating one of the two coagulation pathways to form thrombi (clots)
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What are two kinds of blood protein
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1. albumin
2. globulins |
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What is albumin and where is it made?
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It contributes to viscosity and helps maintain blood pressure. It also contributes to the osmotic pressure and helps contain water balance. It is make in the liver
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What are globulins and where is it made?
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They are a group of proteins that include antibodies. There are several kinds. Gamma-globulins include the antibodies. They are made by plasma cells (mainly in the blood, slpeen and lymph nodes>
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What kinds of solutes are dissolved?
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Remaining waste products, smaller regulatory substances, nutrients, fasses and electrolytes are dissolved
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What solutes are suspended
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The formed elements (cells)
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What solutes are colloids
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Proteins, some waste products and some larger regulatory substances
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What is hemostasis
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The overall process by which bleeding is stopped
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What are the steps of hemostasis
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1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation 3. coagulation |
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What happens during vascular spasm
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Smooth muscle contraction. Begins in seconds
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What happens during platelet plug formation
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Platelets stick together and plug the would. Begins in minutes
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What happens during coagulation
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True clotting begins. Begins within 10 minutes
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What is intrinsic pathway
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Initiated by exposed collagen and endothelial cells in blood vessels
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What is extrinsic pathway
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Initiated by thromboplastic (tissue factor) outside the blood. This thromboplastic comes from damaged tissue surrounding the blood vessel
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Describe the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of coagulation
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Pathways are based on two groups of biochemical reactions, giving us two separate pathways and one common pathway. Both pathways involve about 12 clotting factors. Certain anticoagulants work by interfering with these factors. Several clotting factors require Vitamin K and Calcium is important in all 3 pathways
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WHat substances are formed in the 3 stages of coagulation
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stage 1 Prothrombin activator
stage 2. Thrmobin (from prothrombin) Stage 3. Fibrin (make from fibrinogen) ***Each stage must complete before the next one begins |
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Where is fibrinogen made
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In the liver, as are most plasma proteins
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Where are gamma globulins make
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They are made by plasma cells in the blood and other lymphoid tissue, primarily the spleen and lymph nodes
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What is plasma
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Liquid portion of unclotted blood. Soluble, non-activated anticoagulant chemical has been added
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What is serum
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Liquid portion of clotted blood (molecules for clotting are absent). No anticoagulant has been added
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What factors promote clotting?
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-plaque
- sticky platelets - sluggish circulation - physical damage - rough surfaces - lack of exercise |
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What factors inhibit clotting
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- good diet
- non sticky platelets - good circulation - anticoagulants (heparin, citrate, EDTA, oxalate) - disorders (helophilia) - undamaged vessels - smooth surfaces - exercise |
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What is a thrombus
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A stationary blood clot, still at its place of formation
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What is an embolus
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Any substance that is circulating in the blood that may clog a blood vessel. clot, fat globule, air bubble, plaque
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What is another name of antigens
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agglutinogens
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What is another name for antibodies
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agglutinins
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What identifies the type of antigens on the RBC
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the blood type
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ww
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Antibodies to all other antigens in the system always occur in the plasma
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When will blood undergo agglutination
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If antigens on the RBCs of a donor contact the "smae" antibodies in the plasma of the recipient
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What type of bloood in the universal donor
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Type O
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What type of bloood in the universal recipient
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Type AB
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The Rh type identifies what?
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The presence or absence of the Rh antigen on the RBC
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How can antibodies against the Rh antigen occur
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Only if the Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ blood
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What happens is Rh antigens on the RBC contact Rh antibodies
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The blood will undergo agglutination
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What is erythroblastosis fetalis
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Hemolytic desease of the newborn
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WHen does erythroblastosis fetalis arise?
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From incompatibility between mother and babys blood. Most serious is when the father is Rh+ and the mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+
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What happens is the Rh+ fetal RBC's get into mothers blood
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- The mother makes antibodies against the fetal Rh+ RBC
- First baby no problem but second baby in danger becasue the mother's blood has antibodies against the infant's Rh+ RBC |
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What is anemia
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Insufficient RBC's or hemoglobin
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What is hemorrhagic anemia
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bleeding
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What is iron deficiency
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Insufficient iron to produce hemoglobin for RBC
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What is hemolytic anemia
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RBC lysis, as in erythroblastosis fetalis
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What is aplasic anemia
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Reduced hematopoiesis (marrow shuts down, doesn't produce blood cells
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What is sickle cell anemia
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Genetic defect, defective Hgb
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What is polycythemia vera
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Cancer of myelocytic stem cell, elevated RBC count, WBC and platelets, thrombosis, and hemorrhage opposite of aplastic anemia
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What is infectious mononucleosis
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Virus activates lymphocytes which resemble monos; sore throat, slight fever, lymphadenopathy
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What is leukemia
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Cancer os WBC, elevated WBC casue anemia and hemorrhage due to decrease in RBC and platelets
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What is citrated whole blood
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Whole blood protected from coagulation by citrate-anticoagulant
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WHat is hemorrhage
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Abnormal bleeding - internal or external
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What is fractionated blood
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Blood that has been separated into its components. Patient is given the fraction needed
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What are gamma globulins
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Blood proteins that contain antibodies
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