Biomechanics- Terms Exam1

Front 1

In naturopathic therapeutic order, what is the fourth order?

Back 1

4: Correct structural integrity

Front 2

What is the difference between First and Second Order Interventions in terms of correcting structural integrity?

Back 2

- First Order is doing manipulation, etc, for a micro/ macro trauma, repetitive stress etc,

- Second Order is the same but for structural problems that are a result of stress upon internal systems

Front 3

What are the two broad divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 3

- Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

Front 4

What levels of the spine does the SYMPATHETIC nervous system cover?

Back 4

- T1--> L2

Front 5

What levels of the spine does the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system innervate?

Back 5

-Cranial Nerves: 3, 7, 9, 10

- Sacral: S2, S3, S4

Front 6

The four types of Autonomic Reflexes

Back 6

- 1) Somato- Visceral Influences
- 2) Viscero- Somatic
- 3) Viscero- Visceral
- 4) Psycho-somato-visceral

Front 7

Definition of Kinesiology

Back 7

- the study of motion or human movement

Front 8

Definition of Biomechanics

Back 8

-- the application of the principles of physics to human motion

Front 9

Kinematics

Back 9

- branch of biomechanics that describes the motion of the body WITHOUT regard to the forces (or torque) that may produce the motion (i.e. muscle influences)

Front 10

What are the two branches of Kinematics and the differences between them

Back 10

-1) OSTEOkinematics: gross movements of the bones in a plane

-2) ARTHROkinematics: fine movements of joint surface (bone on bone)

Front 11

What are the two types of kinematic motions?

Back 11

-1) Translation: all in same direction
-2) Rotation: movement in circular path around axis of motion

Front 12

Rectilinear vs Curvilinear

Back 12

- Both types of translational kinematic motion

- Rectilinear is when all parts glide in a straight line
- Curvilinear is when one point remains fixed and the other glides in a curved line

Front 13

What are the two ways EITHER translation or rotation can be described?

Back 13

-1) Active movement

-2) Passive movement

Front 14

Active Movement

Back 14

- movement caused by muscle action

Front 15

Passive Movement

Back 15

- movement caused by sources OUTSIDE the body (i.e. another person or gravity)

Front 16

Planes of motion

Back 16

- Sagittal: Left and Right
- Coronoal (frontal): Front and back
- Transverse: upper and lower

Front 17

Axes of Motion

Back 17

- an imaginary line PERPENDICULAR to the plane of motion AND passing through the center of rotation

- bones rotate within joint in a plane that is Perpendicular to the axis of rotation

Front 18

X- axis

Back 18

- Frontal

Front 19

Y- Axis

Back 19

- Longitudinal (vertical)

Front 20

Z- axis

Back 20

- Sagittal

Front 21

Flexion and Extension

Back 21

Plane: Sagittal
Axis: Frontal

Front 22

Abduction and Adduction

Back 22

Plane: Frontal
Axis: Sagittal

Front 23

Rotation

Back 23

Plane: Traverse
Axis:Longitudinal

Front 24

Definition of Linear Motion (Gliding)

Back 24

motion of a flat-like bone gliding or sliding over another without angulation or rotation

Front 25

Examples of Linear Motion

Back 25

- Metacarpal joints
- Metatarsal Joints
- Vertebral Facet Joints

Front 26

Angular Motion (Rotation)

Back 26

- The motion causing either an increase or decrease in the angle between two bones
- could occur in any body plane

Front 27

Examples of Angular Motion

Back 27

- flextion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Front 28

Flexion

Back 28

- Angular motion in A-P plane
- DECREASES angle between elements

Front 29

Extension

Back 29

- Angular motion in A-P plane
- INCREASES angle between elements

Front 30

Hyperextension

Back 30

- extension past anatomical position

Front 31

ABduction

Back 31

- angular motion in FRONTAL plane

- moves AWAY from vertical axis

Front 32

ADduction

Back 32

- angular motion in FRONTAL plane

- moves TOWARD vertical axis

Front 33

Circumduction

Back 33

- Angular motion

- Circular motion WITHOUT rotation

- it is a combo of flexion, ABduction, extension, and ADduction IN SUCCESSION

Front 34

Supination

Back 34

- Special movement

- rotation of forearm so plams face forward (up)

Front 35

Pronation

Back 35

- special movement

- rotation of forearm so plams face rear (down)

Front 36

Inversion

Back 36

- special movement

- turn sole inward with weight on outside edge of foot

- 90% of ankle sprains

Front 37

Eversion

Back 37

- Special movement

- turn sole of foot outward with weight on inner edge of food

-deltoid ligament involved

Front 38

Plantar Flexion

Back 38

- special movement

- extension at ankle from 90

- point toes

Front 39

Dorsiflexion

Back 39

- special movement

- FLEXION of ankle from neutral

- Lifting toes

Front 40

Elevation and Depression

Back 40

- special movement of shoulders

Front 41

Protraction and Retraction

Back 41

-special movement

-applies to thrusting the jaw, shoulders and pelvis forward and back

Front 42

Thumb opposition

Back 42

- special function
- enables hand to grasp objects

Front 43

Opposition

Back 43

- thumb moves TOWARD fingers : grasp

Front 44

Reposition

Back 44

- movement of thumb BACK to anatomical position

Front 45

Radial Deviation

Back 45

- special movement

- flexion

- hand moves TOWARD radius

Front 46

Ulnar Deviation

Back 46

- special movement
- hand moves (flexion) TOWARDS ulna

Front 47

Trunk Flexion, Extension, and Lateral Flexion

Back 47

- special movements
- involve every part of spine to contribute to gross motion

Front 48

Rotation of head and trunk

Back 48

- most happens in upper cervical
- some in lower thoracic

Front 49

OPEN chain

Back 49

- distal segment in chain IS NOT fixed and therefore FREE

- proximal end is fixed

Front 50

CLOSED chain

Back 50

- distal end IS fixed

- PROXIMAL end is FREE to move

Front 51

What are the three types of joints based on FUNCTIONAL classification

Back 51

-Synarthrosis

-Amphiarthrosis

- Diarthrosis

Front 52

What are the 3 types of joints classifed by STRUCTURE?

Back 52

- Fibrous

- Cartilaginous

- Synovial

Front 53

Does a fibrous joint have joint cavity?

Back 53

- No

Front 54

T or F: Most fibrous joints are synarthroidal (immovable)?

Back 54

- True

- amount of movement depends on length of connective tissue

Front 55

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Back 55

- 1) suture
- 2) Gomphosis
- 3) Syndesmosis

Front 56

Where are sutures located?

Back 56

- only between bones of skull

- fibrous joint

- continuous with periosteum

Front 57

Where is Gomphosis located?

Back 57

-Fibrous joint
- articulation of tooth in to alveolar joint
- connection: with short peridontal ligament

Front 58

What is a syndesmosis?

Back 58

- a fibrous joint type
- a joint where two bones are connected by a ligament

- there is a cord or band of fibrous tissue between them (usually long collagen fibers)

ex: Radius and ulna

Front 59

What connects bones in a cartilagenous joint?

Back 59

- cartilage

Front 60

Is there a joint cavity in cartilageous joints?

Back 60

- No joint cavity

Front 61

Two Types of Cartilaginous joints

Back 61

- 1) Synchondrosis
- 2) Symphysis

Front 62

Cartilagenous joints are WHAT degree of movement?

Back 62

- synarthroidal
- amphiarthroidal

Front 63

Synchondrosis

Back 63

- type of cartilagenous joint
- synarthroidal
- bones CONNECTED by HYALINE cartilage

ex: Epiphyseal plate
ex: Costo-sternal joint

Front 64

Symphysis

Back 64

- synarthroidal OR amphiarthroidal

- ARTICULAR SURFACES covered with hyaline cartilage

- cartilage fused fibrocartilage pad to shock absorb

Ex: intervertebral disc
Ex: pubic symphsis

Front 65

Synovial Joints

Back 65

- have a fluid filled joint cavity connected by ligaments of dense connective tissue

- diarthroidal (freely movable)

Front 66

Additional features of Synovial Joints

Back 66

- fat pads between capsule and synovial membrane or bone

- fibrocartilage disc

- bursae

- tendon sheath

Front 67

Factors that affect synovial joint stability

Back 67

- shape of surfaces

- number and position of ligaments
- more ligaments = stronger

- muscletone

Front 68

Six types of Synovial Joints

Back 68

- Gliding
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball and Socket

Front 69

Gliding Synovial Joint

Back 69

- amphiarthroidal
- non- axial
- Example: Facet Joints
- INTER-carpal/ tarsals

Front 70

Hinge Synovial Joint

Back 70

- Diarthroidal
- Uni-axial
- Flexion- Extension ONLY

Example:
- Elbow
- Knee
- Finger and toe

Front 71

Pivot Synovial Joint

Back 71

- Diarthoidal
- Uniaxial
- Motion around single axis parallel to long axis of a bone

EXAMPLE:
-antlantoaxial joint (axis and dens)
- proximal radio-ulnar joint

Front 72

Condyloid Synovial Joint

Back 72

- Diarthroidal
- Bi-axial
-Oval surfaces in ea. other
- All angular motions

Example:
- Wrist (radio-carpal)
- Metacarpalphalangeal joints

Front 73

Saddle Synovial Joint

Back 73

- Diarthroidal
- Bi-axial
- Unique to THUMB
Does: flex/extend, abb/adduct, slight rotation and cicumduction

Front 74

Ball-And-Socket Synovial Joint

Back 74

- Diarthroidal
- TRI-axial
- most freely moving (diagonal movements included)

Examples:
- shoulder (humerous + Glenoid)
- Hip (femur + acetabulum)

Front 75

Strength

Back 75

- The MAX force a muscle can generate for a SINGLE maximal effort

- amount of tension a muscle produces

Front 76

Power

Back 76

- work done by a muscle OVER TIME

- muscle contracting in a very brief time

Front 77

Torque

Back 77

- muscle FORCE causing rotary movement around axis

- turning or twisting force

Front 78

Contraction

Back 78

- TENSION developed in a muscle as a RESULT of stimulus

- Purpose: to cause, control, or prevent joint movement

Front 79

Two Types of Muscle CONTRACTION

Back 79

- Isometric

- Isotonic

Front 80

T or F: Isometric is tension with in a muscle WITH joint motion?

Back 80

FALSE

- it is tension within a muscle WITHOUT joint motion

- static contractions

Front 81

What is the purpose of ISOMETRIC muscle contraction (tension)

Back 81

- purpose is to stabilize joint

Front 82

IsoTONIC contraction

Back 82

- tension without change in FORCE of contraction -- maintains tension under constant load

- tension for either initiating or controlling movement

Front 83

Two types of ISOTONIC contraction

Back 83

- 1) Concentric (shortening) Isotonic Contraction

- 2) Eccentric (lengthening) Isotonic Contraction

Front 84

The purpose of concentric contraction

Back 84

- used to initiate movement against gravity or resistance

Front 85

The purpose of ECCENTRIC contraction

Back 85

- used to decelerate body segmentmovement

- results in controlled joint movement

- muscle tension is less than resistance applied to it

Front 86

Line of Pull

Back 86

-the direction of movement produced by the contracting muscle

- from origin to insertion

- may change during joint movement

Front 87

Example of Line of Pull

Back 87

- PECTORALIS MAJOR- primarily flexor of humerus, but also adducts because of line of pull

- when arm is ABducted, line of pull MOVES and pec major contributes to ABduction as well.

Front 88

Angle of Pull

Back 88

- the angle between the line of pull and the bone which the muscle inserts

-changes with every degree of motion

Front 89

VERTICAL Component of Angle of Pull contributes to WHAT type of movement?

Back 89

- causes rotational movement at the joint axis

- it is perpendicular to attachement

Front 90

HORIZONTAL component of angle of pull

Back 90

- It is PARALLEL to attachement

- causes NON-rotational movement

Front 91

When angle of pull is 90...

Back 91

- the force is 100% rotational

Front 92

When the angle of pull is 45...

Back 92

- rotational and stabilizing factors are equal

Front 93

Reverse- Action

Back 93

- when a muscle contracts it pulls both ends toward the center of the muscle

- moves towards more stabilized bone

-can be reversed (i.e. chin up)

- important in postural analysis

Front 94

In range of motion, longer fibers mean what?

Back 94

- long fibers = larger range of motion

Front 95

What does TENSION of a muscle depend on?

Back 95

- It depends on the total NUMBER of muscle fibers

- many = greater...

Front 96

Properties of Muscle Force

Back 96

- irritability or excitability
- contractility
- extensibility
- elasticity

Front 97

Interdigitation

Back 97

- when a particular nerve innervates more than one muscle

Front 98

Example of Stabilizer/Fixator

Back 98

- Deltoid: prime mover or arm ABduction

- Origin: movable Scapula

- when it contract to ABduct, the pect minor,rhomboids, and trap stabilize the scapula.

Front 99

Function of a lever

Back 99

- to convert force in to torque (work of a contracting muscle to force of rotating bone)

Front 100

Describe a Mechanical Advantage Lever

Back 100

- aka POWER Lever
- load close to fulcrum
- effort applied far from fulcrum
- small effort over long distance to move large load over small distance

Front 101

Does a power lever lift heavy or light loads? And Over how far?

Back 101

- can lift HEAVY loads
- can only move over a small distance

Front 102

Where is the load in a Disadvantage/ Speed Lever?

Back 102

- The load is FAR from the fulcrum

Front 103

Where is the effort applied in a DISadvantage/Speed Lever?

Back 103

- The effort is applied near the fulcrum

Front 104

In which lever does the force exerted have to be greater than the load?

Back 104

- The mechanical disadvantage/ speed lever : the force exerted has to be greater than the load

Front 105

T or F: a small difference in the site of a muscle's insertion can translate in to large differences in the amount of force that must be generated to move a given load

Back 105

- True

Front 106

What are the three classes of levers?

Back 106

- First Class Lever
- Second Class Lever
- Third class lever

Front 107

Where does the FULCRUM lie in the FIRST class lever?

Back 107

- The fulcrum lies BETWEEN the effort and the load

Front 108

What is an example of a first class lever?

Back 108

- The atlanto-occipital joint between posterior cervical muscles and the weight of the forehead/face is an example of this

Front 109

Where does the EFFORT lie in a SECOND class lever?

Back 109

- The EFFORT is one one end
- The Fulcrum is on the other end
- The LOAD is BETWEEN the two

Front 110

What are the characteristics of a 2nd class lever?

Back 110

- great strength
- less speed
- less ROM

Front 111

What is an example of a SECOND class lever?

Back 111

- Plantar flexion of the foot is an example of this type of lever

Front 112

Where is the EFFORT in a THIRD class lever?

Back 112

- The Effort is BETWEEN the load and the fulcrum in THIRD class levers

Front 113

T or F: Third class levers have great speed

Back 113

- TRUE: 3rd class levers have great speed (but mechanical disadvantages)

Front 114

An example of a 3rd class lever

Back 114

- The biceps effort applied to the forearm between the elbow joint and the weight of the hand and the forearm is an example of this class of lever

Front 115

What is the functional organization of SKELETAL muscle (inside --> out)

Back 115

- Sarcomere
- Myofibril
- Muscle Fiber
- Muscle fasicle
- Skeletal muscle

Front 116

What surrounds each layer of skeletal muscle?

Back 116

- Sarcomere: -- (contains thick/thin)
- Myofibril: Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Muscle Fiber: Endomysium
- Muscle Fascile: Perimysium
- Skeletal muscle: Epimysium

Front 117

Name the five basic components of a neuromuscular junction

Back 117

- 1) Motor Neuron
- 2) Motor end plate
- 3) Synaptic Cleft
- 4) Synaptic vesicle
- 5) Neurotransmitter

Front 118

What is the neurotransmitter released from vesicles that bind to end plate and generate muscle contraction?

Back 118

- Aceylcholine is the neurotransmitter that does this in a neuro-muscular junction

Front 119

What happens to CALCIUM in muscle relaxation?

Back 119

- The calcium moves back in to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, to prevent myosin and actin from binding

Front 120

Define a MOTOR UNIT

Back 120

- a single muscle neuron and ALL the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 121

T or F: when a motor UNIT fires, all the muscle fibers contract together

Back 121

- TRUE: when a motor unit fires, all the muscle fibers contract together

Front 122

T or F: one NEURON may innervate several muscle fibers

Back 122

- TRUE: ONE motor neuron may innervate several muscle fibers

Front 123

T or F: ONE muscle FIBER may be innervated by more than one motor neuron?

Back 123

- TRUE: one muscle fiber maybe be innervated by more than one motor neuron

Front 124

Which size motor unit controls FINE movements?

Back 124

- SMALL motor units control this type of movement

Front 125

What is a muscle TWITCH?

Back 125

- one brief stimulation that produces a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation (not strong enough to do any work)

Front 126

Treppe

Back 126

- COMPLETE relaxation before the next stimulation occurs

- each contraction is a LITTLE stronger than the previous

Front 127

Wave/temporal summation

Back 127

- if a second stimulation is applied before relaxation, the second is stronger

Front 128

Tetanus

Back 128

- when the muscle relaxation between contractions is reduced due to higher frequency of stimulation

Front 129

T or F: Complete tetanus is typical of normal muscle contraction

Back 129

- TRUE: Complete tetanus is typical of normal muscle contraction

Front 130

What are the THREE phases of muscle twitch?

Back 130

- 1) Latent
- 2) Contraction
- 3) Relaxation

Front 131

T or F: In a Twitch, each stimulus produces an identical twitch response?

Back 131

- TRUE: in a twitch, each stimulus produces an identical twitch response

Front 132

T or F: in Treppe, each subsequent contraction is greater than previous

Back 132

- FALSE: After a few stimuli, all contractions in a treppe are equal

Front 133

In wave summation, as the frequency of stimulus increases, what happens to the frequency of CONTRACTION

Back 133

- In wave summation, the frequency of contraction occurs as the frequency of stimulus increases

Front 134

T or F: there is partial relaxtion of muscle fibers in INcomplete tetanus?

Back 134

- TRUE: there is partial relaxation between contractions in incomplete tetanus

Front 135

What is a muscle TWITCH?

Back 135

- one brief stimulation that produces a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation (not strong enough to do any work)

Front 136

Treppe

Back 136

- COMPLETE relaxation before the next stimulation occurs

- each contraction is a LITTLE stronger than the previous

Front 137

Wave/temporal summation

Back 137

- if a second stimulation is applied before relaxation, the second is stronger

Front 138

Tetanus

Back 138

- when the muscle relaxation between contractions is reduced due to higher frequency of stimulation

Front 139

T or F: Complete tetanus is typical of normal muscle contraction

Back 139

- TRUE: Complete tetanus is typical of normal muscle contraction

Front 140

What are the THREE phases of muscle twitch?

Back 140

- 1) Latent
- 2) Contraction
- 3) Relaxation

Front 141

T or F: In a Twitch, each stimulus produces an identical twitch response?

Back 141

- TRUE: in a twitch, each stimulus produces an identical twitch response

Front 142

T or F: in Treppe, each subsequent contraction is greater than previous

Back 142

- FALSE: After a few stimuli, all contractions in a treppe are equal

Front 143

In wave summation, as the frequency of stimulus increases, what happens to the frequency of CONTRACTION

Back 143

- In wave summation, the frequency of contraction occurs as the frequency of stimulus increases

Front 144

T or F: there is partial relaxtion of muscle fibers in INcomplete tetanus?

Back 144

- TRUE: there is partial relaxation between contractions in incomplete tetanus

Front 145

What are the THREE classifications of neurons?

Back 145

- Sensory
- Motor
- Interneuron

Front 146

What are the SUBTYPES of "A" Nerve fibers?

Back 146

- Alpha = fastest, motor efferents, muscle spindle Afferents
- Beta = touch and pressure Afferents
- Gamma = Motor Efferent to spindle
- Delta = Skin temperature and pain

Front 147

Are B fibers myelinated?

Back 147

- YES, B-fibers are surrounded by myelin

Front 148

Which type of nerve fiber is NOT myelinated?

Back 148

- C- type nerve fibers are NOT myelinated

Front 149

Which nerve fibers is smallest in diameter?

Back 149

- The C fibers are smallest in diameter (i.e. slow)

Front 150

Sympathetic PREganglion are which type of nerve fiber?

Back 150

- B fibers are this type of ganglion

- sympathetic POST Ganglion are C fibers

Front 151

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system called?

Back 151

- It is called the Spinal Cord Reflex Arc

Front 152

What are the FIVE basic components of the Spinal Cord Reflex Arc?

Back 152

- 1) Sensory receptor
- 2) Sensory neuron
- 3) Interneuron
- 4) Motor neuron
- 5) Effector organ

Front 153

Does proprioception involve vision?

Back 153

- NO. It is the sense of position of body WITHOUT visual input

Front 154

What are the three types of MECHANORECEPTORS that detect proprioception?

Back 154

- 1) Muscle Spindle receptors
- 2) Gogli Tendon Organs
- 3) Joint kinesthetic receptors

Front 155

What do Muscle Spindle Receptors detect?

Back 155

- It detects the rate at which muscle fibers are stretched and their length

Front 156

What are the TWO types of INTRAfusal fibers?

Back 156

- 1) Nuclear Bag Fibers

- 2) Nuclear Chain Fibers

Front 157

Describe Nuclear Bag Fibers

Back 157

- nuclei concentrated in "bag"
- Ends are striated and contractile
- the contractile part is attached to EXTRA fusal fibers and receive gamma motor INPUT
- Sensitive to SUDDEN rate of change in muscle LENGTH

Front 158

Describe Nuclear CHAIN fibers-

Back 158

- nuclei are spread out in center
- the ends are straited and contractile (like with bag fibers)
- the contractile end is attached to the Nuclear Bag
- Sensitive to: STEADY changes of muscle length

Front 159

T or F: the central NON-contractile portion of the bag& chain is wrapped by SENSORY nerve endings to send info to CNS

Back 159

- TRUE: the NON-contractile center of bag/chain does have sensory nerve endings

Front 160

What are the TWO types of SENSORY nerve endings?

Back 160

- 1) Primary : Type Ia = annulospiral sensory endings; faster; respond to rate

- 2) Secondary: Type II = flower spray sensory endings; slower, respond to over all length of muscle

Front 161

Does the nuclear chain fibers have BOTH primary and secondary sensory nerve endings?

Back 161

- NO, the secondary type II sensory nerve endings are ONLY in the nuclear chain intrafusal fiber

- the Primary sensory nerve ends are on both bag and nuclear intrafusal fibers

Front 162

Where do gamma motor neurons send their input to for muscle contraction?

Back 162

- Info is sent from gamma motor neurons to contractile ends of intrafusal fibers

Front 163

T or F: Muscle spindles sense a change in muscle TENSION and compensate for the stretch?

Back 163

- TRUE: muscle spindles sense a change in muscle tension and compensate for the stretch

Front 164

What are the responses to stretching?

Back 164

- Monosynaptic spinal reflex: to prevent a fall
- Stretch response (by cerebellum): to regulate muscle tone

Front 165

What type of neurons let the brain preset the sensitivity of spindle to stretch?

Back 165

- The GAMMA motor neurons let the brain preset the sensitivity to stretch

Front 166

What produces a sudden relaxation of muscles?

Back 166

- Golgi tendons allow a sudden relaxation of muscles

Front 167

T or F: Golgi Tendon organs play a role in muscle tone imbalance, muscle spasm and tender points?

Back 167

- TRUE: GTOs play a role in muscle tone imbalance, muscle spasm, and tender joints ** Used in NMT

Front 168

Which does the Golgi tendon organ NOT Detect:
a) Force of muscle contraction
b) tension applied to the tendon
c) prevents contracting muscle from applying excessive tension to tendons
d) changes in muscle tension

Back 168

d) Golgi Tendon organs DO NOT detect changes in muscle tension, that is done by the Muscle Spindles

Front 169

Which type of sensory neuron from GTO is stimulated when there is increased tension?

Back 169

- The 1b sensory neuron from the GTO is stimulated when there is increased tension

Front 170

Dynamic Response

Back 170

- the SUDDEN increase in muscle TENSION causing a decrease in muscle tone via INVOLUNTARY muscle relaxation

Front 171

Static Response

Back 171

- the SUSTAINED or gradual increase in muscle tension caused by decrease in muscle tone

Front 172

T or F: GTOs inhibit a muscle's synergistic stabilizer while facilitating its antagonist

Back 172

- TRUE: Gogli tendon organs respond to slow stretch by resetting a muscle's length AND inhibiting its synergistic stabilizers while facilitating its antagonist

Front 173

Why might GTOs serve a protection function?

Back 173

- The GRO can reflexively inhibit the muscle's agonist at the end range of joint motion

Front 174

Where are joint kinesthetic receptors located?

Back 174

- They are located in and around synovial joint capsules

Front 175

What are the THREE types of Joint kinesthetic receptors?

Back 175

- 1) Pacinian corpuscle
- 2) Ruffini corpusucle
- 3) Free nerve ending

Front 176

Where are the 3 types of Joint Kinesthetic receptors located?

Back 176

- 1) Pacinian corpuscle = in CT
- 2) Ruffini corpusucle = in synovial capsule and ligaments
- 3) Free nerve ending = in most body tissues

Front 177

Which type of joint receptor responds to deep rapid and sustained pressure?

Back 177

- The Ruffini corpuscle responds to this type of stimulus (esp lateral stretch)
- the free nerve endings respond to this as well, but not DEEP

Front 178

Which type of joint receptor responds to rapid pressure changes and acceleration and deceleration of joint movement?

Back 178

- The PACINIAN corpuscle responds to this type of stimulus

Front 179

Which joint receptor detects changes in joint ANGLE?

Back 179

- The Ruffini corpuscle detects this type of change

Front 180

What are the three reflexes by which proprioceptors affect muscle tone?

Back 180

- 1) Quick Stretch reflex
- 2) Reciprocal Inhibition
- 3) Autgenic Inhibition

Front 181

Describe the QUICK STRETCH reflex

Back 181

- response from muscle spindles
- produces contraction of the muscle being stretched

Front 182

What type of pressure does the quick stretch reflex respond to?

Back 182

- It is a reflex that responds to rapid and sustained pressure

Front 183

What are the 4 steps to a quick stretch reflex?

Back 183

- 1) muscle is stretched
- 2) muscle spindle afferent to spinal cord
- 3) monosynaptic
- 4) alpha motor neuron stimulates agonist

Front 184

What is reciprocal inhibition (aka reciprocal innervaton)?

Back 184

- the reflex response from muscle spindles that inhibits the muscle oppose the contracted muscle in order to inhibit the antagonist so the AGONIST can contract and cause movement

Front 185

What are the 3 steps to the reciprocal inhibition?

Back 185

- 1) Muscle is stretched
- 2) Muscle spindle afferent to spinal cord
- 3) inhibitory interneurons relaxes antagonist

Front 186

What is autogenic inhibition?

Back 186

- The response from GOLGI tendon organs
- It allows an inhibitory response to a muscle that develops TOO much tesion (either shortening or lengthening)

Front 187

What are the 4 steps to an autogenic inhibition reflex?

Back 187

- 1) GTO is stretched
- 2) 1b afferent
- 3) Inhibitory inter-neuron relaxes agonist
- 4) Excitatory interneuron contracts antagonist

Front 188

What three NMT techniques work with the three types of reflexes?

Back 188

- 1) Post-isometric relaxation
- 2) Muscle-Energy technique
- 3) Strain- counterstrain

Front 189

What does a Deep Tendon Reflex do clinically?

Back 189

- It allows to test in integrity of components of the simple reflex arc and determine if there is a lower or upper motor neuron lesion

Front 190

Arthrokinematics- definition

Back 190

- describes the motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of joints

Front 191

What does the convex-concave relation ship contribute to the joint?

Back 191

- it increases surface area between joint
- allows increased joint stability
- increased dissipation of contact forces
- helps guide motion between bone

Front 192

What are the FIVE movements that occur between joint surfaces?

Back 192

- 1) Roll
- 2) Slide
- 3) Spin
- 4) Distraction and Longitudinal Traction
- 5) Compression

Front 193

T or F: "Slide" means the same thing as "glide"

Back 193

- Yes, slide is the same as glide, only glide is usually used when working with a patient

Front 194

Example of Roll motion

Back 194

- The femoral condyle rolling on a tibial plateau is an example of this

Front 195

T or F: Rolling is usually in combination with sliding or spinning

Back 195

- TRUE: Rolling is usually in combo with sliding or spinning motion

Front 196

Example of Spin Motion

Back 196

- the head of the radius at the humero-radial joint during pronation and supination is an example of this movement

Front 197

T or F: Spin DOES occur by itself during normal joint motion

Back 197

- FALSE: Spin does NOT usually occur by itself during joint motion

Front 198

What is the use of distraction and logitudinal traction?

Back 198

- It is used to stretch a joint capsule and mobilize the joint (2 surfaces pulled apart)

Front 199

What is the difference between distraction and traction?

Back 199

- Distraction is pulling OUTward
- Longitudinal traction is pulling DOWNward, along longitudinal axis

Front 200

What happens to the spine in spinal traction: longitudinal pull along axis of spine?

Back 200

- During this type of joint movement, the facets slide apart and the foramen open in the spine

Front 201

What does compression do to a joint?

Back 201

- Compression adds to joint stability
- it also decreases the space between the two joint surfaces

Front 202

What type of joint movement is the normal response to muscle contraction?

Back 202

- Compression is the normal response to muscle contraction

Front 203

What is the Convex-on-concave Rule (and vice versa)?

Back 203

- It describes the relationship of rolling and sliding motion within a joint when one joint surface in convex and the other is concave

Front 204

ConVEX on ConCAVE motion

Back 204

- when the CONVEX surface slide/glides in the OPPOSITE direction as it rolls

Front 205

ConCAVE on conVEX motion

Back 205

- when the CONCAVE slides in the SAME direction as it rolls.

Front 206

What is the clinical significance of the convex-concave rules?

Back 206

- This rule is the basis for joint mobilization technique

Front 207

T or F: Accessory movements can be performed voluntarily

Back 207

- FALSE- accessory movements cannot be performed voluntarily, but are necessary for normal joint ROM

Front 208

T or F: Joint play be performed ACTIVELY

Back 208

- FALSE: Joint play can only be demonstrated passively (i.e. as a response to an outside force)

Front 209

Treatment often combines physiological mobilization (osteokinematics) and _______ movements (arthrokinematics) to restore a joint movement

Back 209

Treatment often combines physiological mobilization (osteokinematics) and ACCESSORY movements (arthrokinematics) to restore a joint movement