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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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vaccine
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subsatnce prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity
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virulent
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referring to the deadliness of a disease-causing agent
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transformation
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the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another
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bacteriophage
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virus that infects bacteria
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double helix
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spiral-staircase structure characteristic of the DNA molecule
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nucleotide
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subunit of nucleic acid consisting of a nitrogeneous base, a sugar,and a phosphate group
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deoxyribose
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five-carbonsugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
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base pairing rules
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the rule stating that in DNA adenine on one strand always pairs with a thymine on one strand always pairs with a cytosine on the opposite strand
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complementary
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characterictic of nucleic acids in which of the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other
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DNA replication
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the process of making a copy of DNA
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DNA helicase
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enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases during DNA replication
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replication fork
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a Y-shaped point that results when a double helix of DNA seperates so that it can be copied
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DNA polymerase
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enzyme that catalyzes the replication of DNA by adding complementary nucleotides
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ribonucleic acid
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a type of nucleic acid involved in protien synthesis
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uracil
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nitrogen-containing base of RNA, complementary ot adenine when RNA base pairs with DNA
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transcription
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stage of protien synthesis in which the info in DNA for making a protin is transferrred to an RNA molecule
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translation
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stage of gene expression in whih the info in m RNA is used to make a protein
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gene expression
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two-stage processing of information encoded in DNA to produce proteins
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RNA polymerase
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enzyme that adds and links complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription
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messenger RNA
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RNA copy of a gene used as a blueprint for the making of a protien during translation
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codon
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a three-nucleotide sequence in DNA or m RNA that encodes an ammino acid or signifies a stop signal
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genetic code
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sequence of nucleotides that specifies the amino acid sequence of protein
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transfer RNA
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RNA molecule that temporarily carries a specific amino acid to a ribosome during translation
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anticodon
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a three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that recognizes a complementary codon on mRNA
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ribosomal RNA
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type of RNA molecule that plays a structural role in ribosomes
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operator
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region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access tp a set of genes with related functions
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operon
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segment of DNA that controls gene regulation in a set of genes with related functions in prokaryotes
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lac operon
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gene system with a promoter, an operator gene, and three structural genes that control lactose metabolisn
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repressor
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protein that binds to the operator in an operon to switch off transcription
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intron
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segment of RNA transcribed from eukaryotic DNA but removed before translation of mRNA into a protien
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exon
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sequence of nucleotides on a gene that gets transcribes and translated
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point mutation
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mutation in which one or just a few nucleotides in a gene are changed
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