Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
In the pre-scientific view of the world, how did greeks view the cosmos?
|
as an intelligent organism defined by motion and order
|
|
|
what is teleological explanation?
|
The term "teleological explanation," then, can be used to refer to either of two distinct things: (1) elucidating why something has the (material and formal) properties it exhibits by pointing to the purposes it is designed to serve, or (2) inferring the purposes something serves by examining the properties (material and formal) it exhibits.
**explaining what happens in the world involves identifying the purposes that are acheived |
|
|
What was the new scientific paradigm of the 16th and 17th century?
|
cosmos is a machine that is a set of interacting parts
|
|
|
how did the new paradigm of the 16th and 17th century affect how science was viewed?
|
it lead to a mechanistic explanation of the world that tries to explain how parts interact in natural processes
|
|
|
what is mechanistic explanation
|
explaining what happens in the world by showing how things work
|
|
|
What is vitalism?
|
living organisms are qualitatively different from inanimate objects
ex: organic molecules can only be synthesized in living organisms as a product of the vital force *a philosophical difference between organic and inorganic chemistry |
|
|
What force did vitalism rely on?
|
the vital force
|
|
|
How did Friedrich Wohler contribute to reductionist biology?
|
In 1828 he attempted an inorganic chemical synthesis but instead produced an orangic molecule, urea
this broke the distinction between organic and inorganic decribed in vitalism |
|
|
How did Equard Buchner contribute to reductionist biology?
|
he studied alcholic fermentation and discovered that fermentation could occur in a cell-free extract
therefore, there is no need for an object to be defined as a living organism to observe a life process |
|
|
What is reductionist biology
|
life processes can be reduced to chemical physical processes
|
|
|
methodological naturalism
|
everything that occurs in nature can be described in a reductionist manner
eg. awareness, thought, emotions, all require brain activity that can be described in terms of chemistry and physics refer to the long standing convention in science of the scientific method, which makes the methodological assumption that observable effects in nature are best explainable only by natural causes, without reference to, or an assumption of, the existence or non-existence of supernatural notions. *all phenomena can be explored by the same method (scientificially/reductionist) therefore it is assumed that supernatural things iether do not exist or aren't inherently different from natural phenomena |
|
|
metaphysical naturalism
|
the branch of philosophy which seeks to explain the nature of being or reality
metaphysical belief that the natural world (including the universe) is all that exists, and therefore nothing supernatural exists. |
|
|
ATP
|
adenosine triphosphate
|
|
|
function of ATP
|
building blocks of RNA molecules
portable source of energy on demand for endergonic cellular processes |
|
|
Why is adenine a chemically weak base?
|
because its unpaired electrons on Nitrogen that attract hydrogen ions
|
|
|
What is ATP structure
|
3 phosphate groups
ribose adenine |
|
|
why is ATP so good for energy storage
|
The phosphate groups in ATP are highly negatively charged and want to repel each other a bunch which leads to unstable bonds.
These unstable bonds lead to a lower activation energy level to undergo hydrolysis. When ATP undergoes hydrolysis it releases a lot of energy. *other way of saying it is that the hydrolisis of ATP has a negative delta G which means that energy is released to perform work |
|
|
What are the products of ATP hydrolysis
|
ADP and an inorganic phosphate
|
|
|
metabolism
|
that total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism
|
|
|
anabolism
|
synthesis of organic compounds that requires energy
*endergonic |
|
|
catabolism
|
breaking down of organic molecules that makes energy available to cellular work
*exergonic |
|
|
types of biochemical pathways
|
linear and cyclical
|
|
|
what is a biochemical pathway
|
ways which a cellular reaction occurs
the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next organizatoin units of metabolism |
|
|
activation energy
|
the extra energy needed to destablilize existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemica reaction
|
|
|
Why do reactions proceed slowly that have a large activation energy?
|
fewer molecules succeed in overcoming the initial energy hurdle
|
|
|
how can rate s of reactions be increased?
|
increasing energy of reacting molecules or lowering the avtivation energy
|
|
|
in catabolism organic compounds are...
|
oxidized
ex: cellular respiration |
|
|
anabolism reduction or oxidation?
|
reduction
ex: fatty acid synthesis |
|
|
catabolism produces what essential molecule?
|
ATP
|
|
|
How do ion gradients supply energy?
|
high ion concentration is built up on one side of a membrane.
energy is released when ions pass through a membrane transport *process is exergonic because of the natural tendancy from high contration--> low concentration |
|
|
What is the oxidizing agent in catabolism?
|
NAD
|
|
|
What is NAD reduction
|
NAD accepts two electons and two hydrogen atoms (protons) are removed from a substrate and transferred to NAD
AH2 + NAD --> A + NADH + H |
|
|
What is a problem with NAD reduction?
|
There are only limited amounts of NAD in the cell
|
|
|
What is the solution to NAD reduction issues?
|
NADH Oxidation
|
|
|
NADH Oxidation
|
molecules available in all cells that grab to oxidize NADH
|
|
|
substrates
|
reactants
|
|
|
Enzyme
|
catalyzed reactions saturate at relatively high substrate concentrations
IE Uncatalyzed reactions will increase in rate while concentration increases until the solution or reactino reaches reactant saturation. With Catalyzed reactions the enzyme becomes a limiting factor in the rate of the reaction so the rate levels off earlier. |
|
|
why are catalysts needed?
|
to speed up metabolic reactions that occur too slowly
|
|
|
What determines chemical rxn rates?
|
temperature
concentration of reactants activation energy |
|
|
transition state
|
where bonds are broken and formed at a specific point
|
|
|
why do catalysts speed up reactions
|
because they have a different rxn mechanism and a different transition state
|
|
|
What is different between uncatalyzed reactions and enzyme catalyzed reactions
|
enzyme catalyzed reaction saturate as substrate concentration increases. This occurs at a lower level of substrate concentration than in an uncatalyzed reaction because the enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor
|
|
|
active sites
|
clefts in the tertiary structure of enzymes wehre substrates bind
have a lock and key relationship |
|
|
how do enzyme catalysts work?
|
as the substrate comes into close proximity of the protein, the amino acids of the protein interact with the chemical bonds of the substrate. As a result, the substrate bonds are weakened, thereby requiring less energy to break, which lowers the activiation energy
|
|
|
enzyme co-factors
|
non-protein molecules involved in a reaction
-metal ions or organic compounds may be loosely or tightly bound to the enzyme |
|
|
prosthetic groups
|
tightly bound coenzymes
|
|
|
how does temperature effect enzyme activity
|
rxn rate increase with increasing temperature
enzymes denature at high temperature (they call apart because the forces that hold the enzyme in its conformation become too weak) |
|
|
how does pH affect enzyme activity
|
affects reactivity of active site amino acids/conformational stability
ionic interactions between opposite charged amino acids hold enyzmes together in their conformation. they are sensitive to hydrogren ion concentration because it changes the concentration balance between positive and negative charge |
|
|
feedback regulation
|
high concentrations of end products slow down the rates of biochemical pathways
essentially products bind to an allosteric site on the enzyme to changes its conformation and stop/slow down a reaction when there is too much product |
|
|
allosteric regulation
|
small molecules bind non-covalently to sites other than the active site
can activate or inhibit a reaction by changing the protein conformation |
|
|
Explain the process of glycogen degrations as an example of whole organism metabolic regulation
|
glycogen breaks down in response to low blood glucose concentrations
pancreas sense the low blood glucose and secretes glucagon glucagon stimulates glycogen break down in the liver glucagon binding to its receptor leads to phosphates binding to glycogen which degrates the enzyme phosphorylation activates the enzyme and changes the conformation |
|
|
primary literature
|
actual data research article
|
|
|
secondary literature
|
review articles
|
|
|
tertiary literature
|
textbooks
|
|
|
polyphenol oxidase
|
an enzyme that accounts for skin pigmentation and the color change on apples when it turns brown
|
|
|
respirometer
|
measures oxygen consumption rates
measure chagnes in the gas volume inside the chamber which result from the organism's osygen consumption |
|
|
naturalism
|
any of several philosophical stances wherein all phenomena or hypotheses commonly labeled as supernatural, are either false or not inherently different from natural phenomena or hypotheses
|
|
|
explain the complementary relationship between science and ways of viewing the world
|
you need more than science to have a hollistic view of the world.
*different approaches with different presuppotions, methods, and language can be complimenting |
|
|
how is energy stored in an ion gradient
|
done by used the energy from catabolism to build up a high ion concentration on one side of the membrane. Has great potential energy if a mechanism is provided to allow the ions to flow in their natural concentration gradient
|
|
|
how do catalysts affect the free energy of a reaction?
|
they have no effect
|
|
|
structure of an enzyme
|
globular protein w/ clefts called active sites
|
