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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of logic is associated with the discovery step of the scientific method?
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abduction
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what is abduction
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seeing connections in chaos of experiences
observations --> hypothesis |
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What type of logic is associated with the experiment step of the scientific method?
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deduction
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what is deduction
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starts with a general concept. assumes concept is true
in the form of "if...then..." Hypothesis --> predicted observations |
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What type of logic is associated with the confirmation step of the scientific method?
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induction
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what is induction
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specific --> general statment
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what is a theory?
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a big idea in science
groups of interrelated confirmed hypothesis that explain a range of phenomena |
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what is a paradigm?
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a social agreement about how to think about a given subject
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What are characteristics of living organisms?
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-cells composed of characteristic molecules
-sensitivity -metabolism -development -reproduction -regulation -homeostatis |
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emergent properties
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behaviors that evolve from interactions that cannot solely be explained by one idea
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universe
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system + surroundings
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closed system
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no movement into or out of the system
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1st law of thermodynamics
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Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Delta E = q - w |
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2nd law of thermodynamics
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spontaneous processes increase the entropy of the universe
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Free energy
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energy available to do work
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Gibbs free energy
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Delta G(sys) = delta H - T delta S (sys)
G=free energy H=enthalpy S=entropy |
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Spontaneous processes involve a
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decrease in the free energy in the system
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Exergonic
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if a reaction is spontaneous
Delta G less than 0 The products will have less free energy than the reactants and the entropy of the system will increase |
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Endergonic
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nonspontaneous reaction that needs work to be put into the system to make it happen
Delta G is greater than 0 Products contain more free energy than the reactants |
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activation energy
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the extra energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical reaction
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catalysis
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process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy
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polymers
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long chains of monomers
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explain dehydration synthesis
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removal of a H and OH between two molecules (just like H2O) in order to synthesize a new molecule
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hydrolysis
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a water molecule is added by combining a hydrogen and a hyrdoxyl group
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Hydrophobic effect
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nonpolar molecules aggragate in water and water forms an ice like shell around it
lowers entropy |
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lipid
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non polar organic compounds
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triglyceride
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glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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fatty acid
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long chains of hydrocarbons ending in a carboxyl group
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glycerol
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3 carbon alcohol
each C has a hydroxyl group |
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Glycerides are formed by what bonds?
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ester bonds
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trans
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across
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cis
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same side
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function of lipids
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energy storage
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What's a special characteristic about lipids?
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they are water insoluble so that they do not affect the osmotic properties of the cell
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phospholipid function
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form biological membrances
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Structure of phospolipids
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glycerol plus two fatty acids and a phosphate group
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isoprene unit
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5 carbon hydrocarbon with one branch
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isoprenoids
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a molecule composed of isoprene units
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characteristic of steroids
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isoprenoids make up of a characteristic 4 fused rings
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What are the functions of steriods?
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membrane lipid
vitamin D hormones |
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What is the structural definition of a carbohydrate
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CH2O
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monosaccharides
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simplest carbohydrate
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alpha glucose
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OH down
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beta glucose
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OH up
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What bonds are associated with the polymerization of monosaccharides?
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glycosidic bonds (two sugars by ester bond)
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Starch
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amylose + amylopectin
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Amylose
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1000 alpha glucoses in a straight chain
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amylopectin
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5000 alpha glucoses in a branched chain
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Why is glycogen great for energy storage?
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because it is water insoluable
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cellulose
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structural polysaccaride
straigh chains of beta glucose |
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proteins
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moving parts of living machines
R H2N --C --COOH H |
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What are the 3 groups of proteins?
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non polar
polar uncharged charge |
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What bond is associated with protein sythesis?
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peptide bond
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peptide bond?
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the carboxyl group of one amino acid of another
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conformation
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shape of the protein molecule based on folding of the polypeptide chain
involves rotation of bonds |
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colormetric analysis
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a quantitative chemical analysis that measure the color intensity of a solution to determine the concentration of a sample compound in a solution.
measure light absorbance by the compound at a given wavelength |
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Beer's Law
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Absorbance = k (concentration)
k is a constant |
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molar absorptivity/extinction coefficient
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the constant in beer's law that defines the relationship between absorbance and concentration
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assay
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any procedure which is used to measure the amount of some substance
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Explain the bradford assay
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a protein sample is mized with a solution containing a dyle called coomassie brilliant blue along with some methanol and phosphoric acid. The dye mixes with the protein to form a complex, changing the spectral properties to where it will absorb red light. The amount of red light absored will be proportional to the protein concentration
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standard curve
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a graph of the absorbances obtained by doing bradford assays on solutions of known protein concentration
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