Biology Vocabulary Chapters 1,2, 7-12

Front 1

inference

Back 1

a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience

Front 2

observation

Back 2

the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful orderly way

Front 3

theory

Back 3

a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

Front 4

Living Things Share:

Back 4

- made up of units called cells
-reproduce
-based on a universal genetic code
-grow and develop
-obtain and use materials and energy
-respond to their environment
-mantain a stable internal environment
-change over time

Front 5

stimulus

Back 5

a signal to which an organism responds

Front 6

homeostasis

Back 6

the process by which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable

Front 7

levels of living things

Back 7

1.Biosphere
2.Ecosystem
3.Community
4.Population
5.Organism
6.Groups of Cells
7.Cells
8.Molecules

Front 8

cell culture

Back 8

a group of cell that develop froom the single original cell

Front 9

cell fractionation

Back 9

seperating cell parts

Front 10

atom

Back 10

basic unit of matter

Front 11

compound

Back 11

a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

Front 12

isotopes

Back 12

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain,

Front 13

ionic bond

Back 13

a bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Front 14

ions

Back 14

a positively and negatively charged atom

Front 15

covalent bond

Back 15

a bond that forms when electrons are shared between atoms

Front 16

molecule

Back 16

the smallest unit of most compounds

Front 17

cohesion

Back 17

an attraction between molecules of the same substance

Front 18

adhesion

Back 18

an attraction between molecules of different substances

Front 19

solute

Back 19

the substance that is dissolved

Front 20

solvent

Back 20

the substance that is dissolved

Front 21

buffers

Back 21

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

Front 22

acid

Back 22

any compound that forms H+ ions in solution

Front 23

base

Back 23

a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution

Front 24

monomers

Back 24

smaller units of polymers, can be identical or different

Front 25

polymers

Back 25

large molecules

Front 26

carbohydrates

Back 26

compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in ratio 1:2:1

Front 27

monosacchrides

Back 27

single sugar molecules

Front 28

polysaccharides

Back 28

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

Front 29

lipids

Back 29

made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms,can be used to store energy

Front 30

nucleic acids

Back 30

macromolecules containing hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,carbon,and phosphorus.Are polymers assembled from individual monomers call nucleotides

Front 31

nucleotides

Back 31

consist of three parts,a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Is a monomer

Front 32

proteins

Back 32

macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon hydrogen and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of monomers called amino acids.

Front 33

amino acids

Back 33

compounds with a n amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end

Front 34

chemical reactions

Back 34

chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously,reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

Front 35

activation energy

Back 35

the energy that is needed to get a reaction started

Front 36

catalyst

Back 36

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Front 37

enzymes

Back 37

protiens that speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cell

Front 38

cell theory

Back 38

-all living things are composed of cell
-cells are the basic units of structure and function in living cells
-new cells are produced from existing cells

Front 39

prokaryotes

Back 39

cells that do not contain a nuclei

Front 40

eukaryotes

Back 40

cells that contain a nuclei

Front 41

concentration

Back 41

the concentration of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution or mass/volume

Front 42

diffusion

Back 42

when particles move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

Front 43

equilibrium

Back 43

when the concentration is the same throughout the system

Front 44

osmosis

Back 44

the diffusion of water through a selectively premeable membrane

Front 45

isotonic

Back 45

when the two solutions have the same strength

Front 46

hypertonic

Back 46

the more concentrated solution is hypertonic meaning above strength

Front 47

hypotonic

Back 47

the less concentrated solution is hypotonic meaning below strength

Front 48

facilitated diffusion

Back 48

when molecules cannot diffuse accross the cell membrane's lipid bilayer on their own, they diffuse through protein channels instead

Front 49

active transport

Back 49

energy requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Front 50

endocytosis

Back 50

the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane

Front 51

phagocytosis

Back 51

means cell eating,process where extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacule then the cell engulfs it

Front 52

pinocytosis

Back 52

a process where cells take up a liquid, tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles

Front 53

exocytosis

Back 53

process where the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell

Front 54

levels of organization in a multicellular organism

Back 54

individual cells, tissues,organs,and organ systems

Front 55

autotrophs

Back 55

organisms that make their own food and get their energy directly from the sun

Front 56

heterotrophs

Back 56

organisms that obtain energy from the foods they consume

Front 57

ATP

Back 57

stores and releases energy, useful as the basic energy source of all cells

Front 58

photosynthesis

Back 58

the process where plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates,sugars,and starches and oxygen,a waste product

Front 59

Photosynthesis equation

Back 59

6CO2 + 6H2O with light =C6H12O6 + 6O2 which means carbon dioxide + water with light produces sugars and oxygen

Front 60

pigments

Back 60

light absorbing molecules in plants

Front 61

chlorophyll

Back 61

the plants' principal pigment

Front 62

thylakoids

Back 62

saclike photosynthetic membranes

Front 63

photsystems

Back 63

clusters that collect ligt units of the chloroplast

Front 64

stroma

Back 64

the space outside the thylakoid membranes

Front 65

granum

Back 65

a stack of thylakoids

Front 66

light dependent reactions produce:

Back 66

produces oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH

Front 67

ATP synthase

Back 67

a protein that spans the membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through it

Front 68

Light independent reaction is called what and produces:

Back 68

Calvin Cycle produces high energy sugars using ATP and NADPH

Front 69

factors that affect photosynthesis

Back 69

temperature,water content, and light intensity
increase of light increases rate of photosynthesis

Front 70

calorie

Back 70

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius

Front 71

Calorie

Back 71

used on food labels is 1000 calories,known as a kilocalorie

Front 72

glycolysis

Back 72

the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half,producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound

Front 73

cellular respiration

Back 73

the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Front 74

Equation for cellular respiration is:

Back 74

6CO2 + C6H12O6 = 6O2 + 6H2O + ENERGY meaning oxygen + gluclose = carbon dioxide + water + energy

Front 75

fermentation

Back 75

releases energy from food molcules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen

Front 76

anaerobic

Back 76

processes that don't require oxygen

Front 77

aerobic

Back 77

processes that do require oxygen

Front 78

Krebs Cycle/Citrus Cycle

Back 78

during the krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down ito carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions

Front 79

electron transport chain

Back 79

a chain that uses the high energy electrons fom the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP

Front 80

cell division

Back 80

when a cell becomes too large, it divides into two daughter cells

Front 81

mitosis

Back 81

the division of the cell nucleus

Front 82

cytokinesis

Back 82

the division of the cytoplasm

Front 83

chromatids

Back 83

each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids

Front 84

centromere

Back 84

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Front 85

Prophase

Back 85

the chromatin condenses into chromosomes.the centrioles seperate and a spindle begins to form.the nuclear envelope breaks down and the nucleolus disappears. Prophase is the first and longest stage of mitosis, takes up to 50 or 60 percent of the total amount of time to complete mitosis

Front 86

metaphase

Back 86

the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere

Front 87

anaphase

Back 87

The sister chromatids seperate into individual chromosomes and are moved a part

Front 88

telophase

Back 88

the chromosomes gather at opposite end of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear envelopes will form

Front 89

interphase

Back 89

the cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles

Front 90

cyclin

Back 90

cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Front 91

Cancer

Back 91

cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells, cancer cells have a defect in gene p53

Front 92

gene p53

Back 92

gene which normally halts the cell cycle until all chromosomes have been properly replicated,damaged p53 genes cause the cells to lose the info needed to respond to signals that would control their growth

Front 93

genetics

Back 93

the scientific study of heredity

Front 94

true-breeding

Back 94

if something is true-breeding that means if they were allowed to self-pollinate they would produce offspring identical to themselves

Front 95

trait

Back 95

specific characteristic like race or height

Front 96

hybrids

Back 96

the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Front 97

genes

Back 97

chemical factors that determine traits

Front 98

alleles

Back 98

the different forms of a gene

Front 99

Principle of dominance

Back 99

the principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

Front 100

gametes

Back 100

sex cells

Front 101

segregation

Back 101

seperation

Front 102

homozygous

Back 102

organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait/aka dominant

Front 103

heterozygous

Back 103

organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait

Front 104

genotype

Back 104

genetic makeup of an organism

Front 105

phenotype

Back 105

physical characteristics

Front 106

Principle of independent assortment

Back 106

states that genes for different traits can seperate independently during the formation of gametes

Front 107

incomplete dominance

Back 107

cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
example:red and white flower make pink flower

Front 108

codominance

Back 108

cases in which both alleles contribute to the phenotype.
Example:speckled chicken

Front 109

multiple alleles

Back 109

cases in which genes have more than two alleles
example:coat color of rabbits

Front 110

polygenic traits

Back 110

traits controlled by two or more genes
example:many alleles make skin and eye color

Front 111

homologous

Back 111

each of the four chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent

Front 112

diploid

Back 112

a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

Front 113

haploid

Back 113

cells that contain a single set of chromosomes and therefore a single set of genes

Front 114

meiosis

Back 114

a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid

Front 115

tetrad

Back 115

when each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome they form a tetrad which contains four chromatids.

Front 116

crossing-over

Back 116

the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosome and produces new combinations of alleles

Front 117

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Back 117

Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells

Front 118

Who sorts independently?

Back 118

It is the chromosome that assorts independently,not individual genes

Front 119

gene map

Back 119

diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome

Front 120

transformation

Back 120

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Front 121

bacteriophage

Back 121

virus that infects bacteria

Front 122

nucleotide

Back 122

momomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Front 123

base pairing

Back 123

principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

Front 124

transcription

Back 124

process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

Front 125

chromatin

Back 125

consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones

Front 126

replication

Back 126

during DNA replication,the DNA molecule separates into two strand s,then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing.Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template for the new strand

Front 127

DNA polymerase

Back 127

the princiipal enzyme involved in dna replication because it juins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule which is a polymer

Front 128

RNA polymerase

Back 128

enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strand during transcription

Front 129

messanger RNA

Back 129

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Front 130

ribosomal RNA

Back 130

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

Front 131

transfer RNA

Back 131

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Front 132

promoters

Back 132

region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

Front 133

introns

Back 133

nucleotide sequences that are not involved in the coding for proteins

Front 134

exons

Back 134

DNA sequences that code for proteins, they are expressed in the synthesis of proteins

Front 135

codon

Back 135

each three letter word in mRNA, a codon consists of 3 consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid

Front 136

translation

Back 136

during translation the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins

Front 137

anticodon

Back 137

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Front 138

point mutation

Back 138

gene mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides

Front 139

mutation

Back 139

changes in the genetic material

Front 140

frameshift mutation

Back 140

mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Front 141

operon

Back 141

group of genes operating together

Front 142

operator

Back 142

region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is turned off

Front 143

hox gene

Back 143

series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo

Front 144

differentiation

Back 144

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function