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243 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ORGANISM
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In all living things.
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BIOLOGY
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The study of all living things.
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UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
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Living things composed of one cell.
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MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
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Living things composed of more than one cell.
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DIFFERENTATION
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A process in which the cells of a multicellular individual become specialized during development.
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HOMEOSTASIS
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the stable internal conditions of a living thing.
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REPRODUCTION
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The production of new offspring.
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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
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Hereditary information in the form of a large molecule.
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GENE
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A segment of DNA that contains coding for a polypeptide or protein; a unit of hereditary information.
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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The production of offspring from the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms.
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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The production of offspring that does not involve the union of gametes.
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EVOLVE
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Change
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EVOLUTION
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All the changes that have formed live on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today.
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NATURAL SELECTION
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The process by which organisms with favorable variations reproduce at higher rates than those without such variations.
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ECOLOGY
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The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment.
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ECOSYSTEMS
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All the biotic and abiotic components of an environment.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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The conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds.
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AUTOTROPH
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An organism that uses energy to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic substances.
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HETEROTROPH
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An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
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METABOLISM
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The sum of all chemical processes in living things.
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CELL DIVISION
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The formation of two cells from an dexisting cell.
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DEVELOPMENT
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The process by which an organism grows.
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OBSERVATION
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Typically employs one or more of the five senses to perceive objects or events.
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SAMPLING
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Is the technique of using a sample,that is, a small part, to represent an entire population.
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HYPOTHESIS
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A statement that can be tested experimentally.
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PREDICTION
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A statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing a hypothesis, if the hypothesis is supported.
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EXPERIMENT
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The process of testing a hypothosis or prediction by gathering data under controlled conditions
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CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT
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A test of variables using a comparison of a control group with an experimental group.
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CONTROL GROUP
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In an experiment, a group or individual that serves as a standard of comparison with another group or individual to which it is identical except for one factor.
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EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
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A group identical to the control group except for one factor.
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
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An experimentally manipulated variable. The one factor that is different in the control group and the experiemental group.
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DEPENDENT VARIALBE
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The responding variable in and experiment.
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MODEL
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An explanation supported by data.
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INTERFERENCE
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A conclusion made on the basis of facts or premises rather than on direct observations.
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THEORY
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A broad and comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true, supported by considerable experimental evidence resulting from many tests of related hypotheses.
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MICROSCOPE
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An instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object.
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MAGNIFICATION
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The increase of an object's apparent size.
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RESOLUTION
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The power of the microscope to show details clearly.
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COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
(LM) |
An instrument that magnifies small objects so thay can be seen easily using two or more lenses.
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STAGE
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The platform of the microscope.
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OBJECTIVE LENS
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Enlarges the image of the specimen.
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OCULAR LENS
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The lens in the eyepiece of the microscope.
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NOSEPIECE
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The revolving piece of the microscope that has a set of objective lenses.
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POWER OF MAGNIFICATION
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The factor of enlargement in a microscope.
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ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
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An instrument that uses a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light to enlarge the image of an extremely small object so that it can be seen.
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TRNSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM)
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A microscope that transmits a beam of electrons rather than light through a thinly sliced specimen.
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SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
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A microscope that produces an enlarged image of the surface of an object with a beam of electrons rather than light.
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BASE UNITS
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One of seven fundamental units of SI measurement that describe length, mass, time, and other qhantities.
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DERIVED UNITS
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Are produced by the mathematical relationship between two base units or between two derived units.
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MATTER
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Anything that occupies space and has mass.
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MASS
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A fundamental property of an object generally regarded as equivalent to the amount of matter in the object.
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ELEMENTS
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A substance that ordinarily cannot be broken down chemically to form simpler kinds of matter.
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ATOM
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The simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element.
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NUCLEUS
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In an atom, the core of protons and neutrons; in a eukaryotic cell, the organelle that contains most of the DNA and directs most of the cells activities.
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PROTON
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A subatomic particle with a positive charge.
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NEUTRON
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A cell that transmits electrical signals.
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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The nmber of protons in an atom.
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ELECTRONS
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A particle with a negative electric charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom.
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ENERGY LEVELS
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The different levels of the nucleus.
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COMPOUND
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A pure substance that is made up of atoms of two or more elements.
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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The process of breaking chemical bonds, forming new bonds, or both.
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COVALENT BOND
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A bond that forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
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MOLECULE
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A chemical structure composed of one or more atoms.
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ION
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An atom or a compound with a net electrical charge.
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IONIC BOND
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A bond formed by electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
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ENERGY
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The ability to do work or cause change.
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FREE ENERGY
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The energy in a system available for work.
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STATE
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Solid, liquid, or gas.
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REACTANTS
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A compound or atom involved in a chemical reaction.
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PRODUCTS
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A compound formed by a chemical reaction.
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EXERGONIC REACTIONS
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A chemical reaction that involves a net release of free energy.
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SOLUTE
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A substance dissolved in a solution.
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ENDERGONIC REACTIONS
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Chemical reaction that involve a net release of free energy.
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ACTIVATION ENERGY
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The amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to start and to continue on its own.
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SOLVENT
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In a solution, the substance in which a solute is dissolved.
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CATALYSTS
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A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction but is not a reactant.
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ENZYMES
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A catalyst, usually a protein, in living systems.
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CONCENTRATION
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A chemical reaction, also called dehydration synthesis, in which one molecule of water is produced.
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REDOX REACTIONS
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A reduction-oxidation reaction in which electrons are transferred between atoms.
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OXIDATION REACTION
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A chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons, becoming more positive in charge.
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REDUCTION REACTION
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A chemical reaction in which a reactant gains one or more electrons, becoming more negative in charge.
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SATURATED SOLUTION
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A solution in which no more solute can dissolve.
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SOLUTION
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A mixture in which one or more substances are formed uniformly dissolved in another substance.
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AQUEOUS SOLUTION
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A solution in which water is the solvent.
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DISSOCIATION
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The separating of a molecule into simpler molecules, atoms, radicals, or ions.
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ACID
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Any substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions when added to a water solution.
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BASES
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Have a bitter taste.
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HYDROXIDE ION
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One water molecule, H2O, dissociates to form two ions, H+ and OH-, the OH- is known at the HYDROXIDE ION.
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HYDRONIUM ION
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H+ + H2O == H3O+
The H3O+ is known at the HYDRONIUM ION |
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pH SCALE
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A numeric range that qualifies the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution.
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BUFFER
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Chemical that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to a solution.
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POLAR COMPOUND
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A compound with one side having a negative charge and the other side is positive.
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HYDROGEN BOND
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A weak chemical bond between the hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negatively-charged region of another molecule.
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COHESION
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The attraction of like molecules to each other.
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ADHESION
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The attractive force between unlike subatances.
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CAPILLARITY
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The smallest vessel in the blood vessel network.
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ORGANIC COMPOUND
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A compound that is derived from living things and contains carbon.
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FUNCTIONAL GROUP
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A structural building block that determines the characteristics of a chemical compound.
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ALCOHOL
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An organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms.
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MONOMER
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A repeated, single-molecule unit in a polymer.
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POLYMER
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A compound consisting of repeated linked monomers.
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MACROMOLECULE
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A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules.
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CONDENSATION REACTION
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A chemical reaction, also called dehydration synthesis, in which one molecule of water is produced.
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HYDROLYSIS
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The splitting of a molecule through reaction with water.
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ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
(ATP) |
A molecule present in all living cells and actiing as an energy source of metabolic processes.
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CARBOHYDRATE
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An organic compound present in the cells of all living things and a major organic neutrient for humans.
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MONOSACCHARIDE
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A simple sugar such as fructose or glucose.
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ISOMER
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One of two or more compounds that differ in structures but not in molecule composition.
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DISACCHARIDE
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A double sugar formed from two monosaccharides.
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POLYSACCHARIDE
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A complex carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides.
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PROTEIN
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An organic compound composed of one or more chains of polypeptides, which in turn are formed from amino acids.
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AMINO ACID
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A carboxylic acid with an amino group; one of 20 monomers that form proteins.
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DIPEPTIDE
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A formation from two amino acids bonded together by means of a condensation reaction.
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PEPTIDE BOND
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A covalent bond between two amino acids.
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POLYPEPTIDE
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A long chain of several amino acids.
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SUBSTRATE
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A part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another; the reactant in any enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
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LIPIDS
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A kind of organic compound that is insoluble in water, such as fats and steroids.
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FATTY ACIDS
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A monomer that is part of most lipids.
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HYDROPHILIC
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Referring to the molecular attraction to water.
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HYDROPHOBIC
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Referring to the molecular repulsion of water.
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TRIGLYCERIDE
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A lipid made of three fatty-acid molecules and one glycerol molecule.
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PHOSPHOLIPIDS
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A complex lipid having two fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol.
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WAX
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A type of stuctural lipid.
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STEROID
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A lipid in which the molecule is composed of four carbon rings.
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NUCLEIC ACID
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An organic molecule, DNA or RNA, that stores and carries important information for the cell function.
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RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
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A nucleic acid composed of a single strand and distinguished from DNA by containing ribose and uracil.
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NUCLEOTIDES
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A monomer of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
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CELL
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A membrane bound structure that is the basic unit of life.
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MICROFILAMENTS
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A polymer chain of the protein actin; the smallest strand in the cytoskeleton.
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CELL THEORY
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The theory that all living things are mady up of cells, that cells are the basic unit of organisms, and that cells come only from existing cells.
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ORGANELLES
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One of several formed bodies with a specialized function that is suspended in the cytiplasm and found in eukaryotic cells.
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MICROTUBULES
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A hollow tube of protein that constitutes the largest strand in th ecytoskeleton.
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CELL MEMBRANE
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The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of a cell.
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NUCLEUS
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In an atom, the core of protons and neutrons; in a eukaryotic cell, the organelle that contains most of the DNA and directs most of the cell's activities.
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EUKARYOTES
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A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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ACTIN
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One of the two protein filaments in a muscle cell that function in contraction.
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PROKARYOTES
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A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
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A protein attached to the interior or exterior surface of the cell membrane.
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SPINDLE FIBERS
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One of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes.
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INTEGRAL PROTEINS
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A protein imbedded in the bilayer of the cell membrane.
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CILIA
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A short hairlike organelle that extends from a cell and functions in locomotion or in the movement of substances across the cell surface.
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PROKARYOTES
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A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
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A protein attached to the interior or exterior surface of the cell membrane.
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CHROMATIN
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The DNA and proteins in th enucleus of a nindividing cell.
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INTEGRAL PROTEINS
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A protein imbedded in the bilayer of the cell membrane.
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FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
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A model of cell membrane structure representing the dynamic nature of membrane lipids and proteins.
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CHROMOSOMES
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DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a nondividing cell.
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CYTOPLASM
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The region of a cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
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CYTOSOL
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The gelatinlike aqueous fluid that bathes the organelles on the inside of the cell membrane.
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MITOCHONDRIA
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The organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells.
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NUCLEAR PORES
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A small hole in the nuclearenvelope through which substances pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
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CRISTAE
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A fold of the inner membrane of mitochondria.
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SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
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A membrane that keeps out some molecules but allows other to pass through.
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NUCLEOLUS
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The structure in which ribosomes are synthesized and partially assembled; found in most nuclei.
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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A system of membranous tubules and sacs in eukaryotic cells that functions as a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another.
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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(ROUGH ER) |
The portion of the endoplasmic retiiculum that contains attached ribosomes.
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CELL WALL
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A rigid structure that surounmds the cells of plants, fungi, many protists, and most of bacteria.
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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks attached rimosomes.
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VACUOLES
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A fluid-filled organelle that stores enzumes or metabolic wastes in a plant cell.
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GOLGI APPARATUS
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A system of membranes in eukaryotic cells that modifies proteins for export by the cell.
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LYSOSOMES
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An organelle containing digestive enzymes, existing primarily in animal cells.
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ROBERT HOOKE
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Examined a cork. Invented cells.
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PLASTIDS CHLOROPLAST
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An organelle of plant cells that contains starch, fats or pigments.
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ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
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First person to observe living cells.
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MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
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Concluded that all plants are composed of cells. (1804-1881)
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THYLAKOIDS
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A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast; contains most of the components involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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THEODOR SCHWANN
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Concluced that all animals are composed of cells. (1810-1882)
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TISSUES
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In most multicellular organisms, a group of similar cells that carry out a common function.
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RUDOLF VIRCHOW
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Concluded that cells come only from other living cells. (1821-1902)
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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A system of membranous tubules and sacs in eukaryotic cells that functions as a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another.
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ORGAN
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Several types of body tissues that together perform a function.
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ORGAN SYSTEM
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A group of organs that interact to perform a set of related tasks.
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COLONIAL ORGANISMS
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A collection of genetically identical cells that live together in a closely connected group.
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT
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The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of cell energy.
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DIFFUSION
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The process by which molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
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CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
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The difference in concentration of a substance across space.
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EQUILIBRIUM
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A state that ezists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space.
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OSMOSIS
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The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
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HYPOTONIC
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Describing a solution whose solute concentration is lower than that inside a cell.
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CYTOSKELETON
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A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps maintain the shape and size of a eukaryotic cell.
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HYPERTONIC
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Describing a solution whose solute concentration is higher than that inside a cell.
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ISOTONIC
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Describing a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell.
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CONTRACTILE VACUOLES
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An organelle in protists that expels water.
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TURGOR PRESSURE
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Water pressure within a plant cell.
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PLASMOLYSIS
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The shrinking oe wilting of a walled cell in a hypertonic environment.
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CYTOLYSIS
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The bursting of a cell.
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION
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A process in which substances move down their concentration gradient across the cell membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins.
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CARRIER PROTEINS
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A protein that transports specific substances across a boilogical membrane.
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ION CHANNELS
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A membrane protein that provides a passageway across the cell membrane through which an ion can diffuse.
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient; requires the cell to expand energy.
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SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
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A carrier protein that acively trasports K+ ions into and Na+ ions out of cells.
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ENDOCYTOSIS
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The process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances.
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VESICLE
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A membrane-bound sac in a eukaryotic cell that contains materials involved in endocytosis, exocytosis, or transport within the cell.
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PINOCYTOSIS
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A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solutes or fluids.
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PHAGOSYTOSIS
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A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells.
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PHAGOCYTES
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A cell that engages in phagocytosis.
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EXOCYTOSIS
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A process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the external environment.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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The conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds.
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LIGHT REACTION
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The initial reactions in photosynthesis, including the absorption of light by photosystems 1 & 2, the passage of electrons along the electron transport chains, the production of NADPH and O2, and the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis.
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GRANA
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A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast.
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STROMA
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In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.
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VISIBLE SPECTRUM
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The portion of sunlight perceived by the human eye as barious colors.
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WAVELENGTH
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The distande between crests in a wave.
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PIGMENT
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In plants, a compound that absorbs light and imparts color.
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CHLOROPHYLLS
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A class of light-absorbing pigments used in photosynthesis.
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ACCESSORY PIGMENT
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A pigment that absorbs light energy and transfers energy to chlorophyll a in photosynthesis.
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CAROTENOIDS
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A light-absorbing compound that functions as an accessory pigment in photosynthesis.
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PHOTOSYSTEM
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In plants, a unit of several hundred chlorophyll molecules and carotenoid pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane.
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PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
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A molecule in the thylakoid membrane that accepts the electrons that chlorophyll a loses in the light reactions.
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
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Molecules in the thylakoid membrane or inner mitochondrial membrane that uses some of the energy in electrons to pump protons across the membrane.
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NADP+
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; an organic molecule that accepts electrons during redox reactions.
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CHEMIOSMOSIS
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A process in chloroplasts and mitochondria in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP.
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ATP SYNTHASE
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An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate.
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ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP)
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A substance involved in energy metabolism formed by the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate.
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CALVIN CYCLE
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The second set of reactions in photosynthesis; the pathway that produces organic compounds, using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH during the light reactions.
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CARBON FIXATION
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The incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds.
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PGAL
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Glyceraldehyde phosphate; a three-carbon molecule formed in the second step of the calvin cycle that can leave the cycle and be used to make other organic compounds.
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STOMATA
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One of many small pores usually located on the underside of a leaf; aids in gas exchange.
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CAM
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Crassulacean acid metabolism; a biochemical pathway in certain plants in which CO2 is incorporated into organic acids at night and released for fixation in the Calvin cycle during the day.
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds.
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GLYCOLYSIS
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A pathway in which glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid.
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PYRUVIC ACID
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A three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis.
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FERMENTATION
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A process in which cells make a limited amount of ATP by converting glucose into another organic compound, such as lactic acid or ethyl alcohol, in the absence of oxygen.
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LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
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The process by which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid.
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ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
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The process by which pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alchohol; the anaerobic action of yeast on sugars.
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KILOCALORIES
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A unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories; the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by one degree C.
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MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
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The space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
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ACETYL COENZYME A
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The compound that reacts with oxaloacetic acid in the first step of the Krebs cycle.
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KREBS CYCLE
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A series of biochemical reactions that release carbon dioxide and result in the formation of ATP.
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OXALOACETIC ACID
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A four-carbon compound that combines with acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle to produce citric acid.
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CITRIC ACID
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A six-carbon compound formed in the Krebs cycle.
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FAD
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Flavin adenine dinucleotide; a compound that accepts electrons during redox reactions.
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
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Molecules in the thylakoid membrane or inner mitocohdrial membrane that uses some of the energy in electrons to pump protons across the membrane.
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TENDRIL
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A specialized leaf found in many vines, such as peas and pumpkins.
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BLADE
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The flat portion of a leaf; the site of most photosynthesis.
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PETIOLE
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A stalklike figure that atatches the blade to the stem.
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SIMPLE LEAFE
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A leaf with a single blade.
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COMPOUND LEAF
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Has leaflets that are divided.
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MESOPHYLL
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A ground tissue composed of chloroplast-rich parenchyma cells.
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PALISADE MESOPHYLL
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Occurs directly beneath the upper epidermis and is the site of most photosynthesis.
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SPONGY MESOPHYLL
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Consists of irregularly shaped cells surrounded by larg air spaces, which allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to diffuse into and out of the leaf.
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VEINS
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The vascular tissue system of leaves that consists of vascular bundles.
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GUARD CELLS
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Modified cells found on the leaf epidermis that regulate gas and water exchange.
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