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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ecology
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the study of interactions between and among organisms and their environment
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Biosphere
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the area of the planet that contains all life
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Species
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a group of organisms so similar they can breed and produce offspring
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Population
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a group of individuals the the same species that live in the same area
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Community
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different populations living together in the same area
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Ecosystem
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all of the biotic and abiotic factors existing in one environment
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Biome
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a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
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Autotroph
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an organisms that produces it's own food (producer)
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Producer
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an organism that produces it's own food (autotroph)
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Photosynthesis
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the process of changing light energy, water, and oxygen into carbohydrates
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Chemosynthesis
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the process of making carbohydrates using chemical energy
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Heterotroph
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an organism that relies on other organism for obtaining energy (consumer)
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Consumer
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an organism that relies on other organism for obtaining energy (heterotroph)
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Herbivore
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an organism that obtains energy by eating plants only
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Carnivore
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an organism that obtains energy by eating animals
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Omnivore
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an organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
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Detritivore
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an organism that feeds on detritus
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Decomposer
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organisms that breaks down organic matter
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Food Chain
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a series of steps organisms use to transfer energy by eating or being eaten
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Food Web
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a network of complex feeding relationship in an ecosystem
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Trophic Level
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each step in the process of organisms transferring energy from one level to another
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Ecological Pyramid
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a diagram that shows relative amounts of matter or energy in the trophic levels
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Biomass
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the amount of organic matter per unit area
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Cell
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the basic unit of all forms of life
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Cell Theory
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states:
-all living things made of cells -cells are basic unit of structure and function -new cells are produced by existing cells |
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Cell Membrane
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a thin flexible membrane around the cell
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Cell Wall
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a strong layer around the cell (only plants)
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Nucleus
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a structure within the cell that contains the genetic material and controls the cell's activities
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Cytoplasm
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the material inside the cell membrane (excluding the nucleus)
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Prokaryote
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a single-celled organism that contains a cell membranes, cytoplasm, but with no defined nucleus
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Eukaryote
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a cell that contains a defined nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and a cell membrane
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Organelle
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specialized structures in a cell that perform certain cellular functions
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Lipid Bi-layer
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a double layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane
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Concentration
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the mass of a solute in a given solution
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Diffusion
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the process of molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Selective Permeability
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a membrane that allows some materials to pass through, but not allowing others
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Osmosis
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the diffusion of water
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Facilitated Diffusion
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the movement of a molecule throught a membranes through protein channels
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Active Transport
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the process of molecules moving from an area of low concentration to a area of high concentration
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Endocytosis
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the process of takinf materials into a cell using pockets of infolding
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Phagocytosis
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the process of engulfing large particles and taking them into the cell
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Exocytosis
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the process of removing large amounts of material from a cell
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Cell Specialization
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cell with separtate rolls in a multi-cellular organism
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Tissue
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a group of similar cells preforming the same function
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Organ
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many groups of tissues working together
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Organ System
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groups of organs working together to perform a specific function
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ATP
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a chemical compound used by living organisms to store energy
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Pigment
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light absorbing molecules used by plants to gather energy from the sun
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Chlorophyll
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the main pigment found in plants
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Thylakoid
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sac-like photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place
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Stroma
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a region in the chloroplast outside the thylakoids
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NADP+
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a carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons
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Light Dependent Reaction
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reactions that use light and oxygen to produce ATP and NADPH which take place in the thylakiod membrane
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ATP Synthase
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a protein channel in the thylakoid membrane which uses the diffusion of H+ to create ATP
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Calvin Cycle
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the reaction in which NADPH and ATP is used to make sugars which takes place in the stroma
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Biogeochemical Cycle
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the processes in which compounds and elements are passed from organism to organism and from one part of the biosphere to another
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climate
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the average year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation
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weather
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the day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a specific time and place
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greenhouse effect
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the process in which methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor traps heat to maintain Earth's atmosphere
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temperate zone
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the area between the polar and tropical zones that's climate changes from hot to cold depending on the season
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tropical zone
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the area nearest the equator that receives the most direct sunlight making the climate always warm
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polar zone
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the area around the poles that receives the least direct sunlight and therefore is almost always cold
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biotic factor
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the biological influences on an organism in an ecosystem
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abiotic factor
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the physical or nonliving factors that affect an organism in an ecosystem
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habitat
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the area where an organism lives including both biotic and abiotic factors
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niche
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all the physical and biological conditions and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
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competitive exclusion principle
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a rule stating that no two species can occupy the same habitat and niche at the same time
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predation
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an interaction between organisms in which one organism eats another
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symbiosis
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any relationship in which two organisms live closely together
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mutualism
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an interaction between organisms in which both benefit
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commensalism
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an interaction between organisms in which one benefits and the other is unaffected
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parasitism
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an interaction between organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits
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ecological succession
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the predictable change in a community over time
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primary succession
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succession that occurs on a surface on which there is no soil
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secondary succession
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succession that occurs on a surface on which there is soil
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pioneer species
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the first species to populate an area where there is no soil
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canopy
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a dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall trees
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understory
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the area below the canopy containing shorter trees and vines
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decidous
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a type of tree that sheds it leaves every year
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coniferous
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a type of tree that produces seed-bearing cones and have needle shaped leaves
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permafrost
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a layer of permanently frozen subsoil found in the arctic
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Tropical Rain Forest
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a biome characterized by high temperatures and precipitation
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Tropical Dry Forest
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a biome characterized by high temperature and alternating wet and dry seasons
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Tropical Sacanna
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a biome characterized by high temperatures and seasonal perciptaion
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Desert
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a biome characterized by low precipitation and high temperature
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Temperate Grassland
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a biome characterized by seasonal precipitation and warm summers and cold winters
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Temperate Woodland and Shrubland
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a biome characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters
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Temperate Forest
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a biome characterized by cold winters, warm summers, and year-round precipitation
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Northwestern Coniferous Forest
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a biome characterized by mild temperatures and wet fall, winters, and springs and dry summers
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Boreal Forest
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a biome characterized by long cold winters, mild summers, and moderate precipitation
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Tundra
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a biome characterized by low precipitation, short summers, long cold winters, and permafrost
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plankton
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tiny, free-floating organisms that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments
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phytoplankton
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single-celled algae that form the base of many aquatic food chains
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zooplankton
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tiny animals that eat phytoplankton
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bog
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a wetland formed by a depression that contains thick mats of moss
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marsh
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shallow wetlands along rivers that are underwater most or all of the year and contain short grasses and shrubs
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swamp
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shallow wetland that are underwater part of all of the year that contain trees
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photic zone
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the area of the ocean which light penetrates and where photosynthesis takes place
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aphotic zone
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the area or the ocean which is too deep for light to penitrate
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Robert Hooke
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first saw cells through a microscope
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Matthias Schleiden
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concluded that all plants are made of cells
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Theodor Schwann
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concluded that all animals are made of cells
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Rudolph Virchow
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proposes that all cells come from existing cells
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Jan van Helmont
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concluded that plants gain most of their mass from water
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Joseph Priestly
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concluded that plants produce oxygen by putting a plant and a candle under a bell jar
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Jan Ingehhousz
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concludes plants need light to do photosynthesis
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