Biology Vocab Ch.12

Front 1

Transformation

Back 1

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another resulting in a genetic change in the recipient cell.

Front 2

Bacteriophage

Back 2

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another resulting in a genetic change in the recipient cell.

Front 3

Nucleotide

Back 3

Any of a group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA or RNA: composed of a phosphate group, the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, and a pentose sugar, in RNA the thymine base being replaced by uracil.

Front 4

Base Pairing

Back 4

The process of binding separate DNA sequences by base pairs.

Front 5

Chromatin

Back 5

The process of binding separate DNA sequences by base pairs.

Front 6

Histone

Back 6

Any of a group of five small basic proteins, occurring in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, that organize DNA strands into nucleosomes by forming molecular complexes around which the DNA winds.

Front 7

Replication

Back 7

Any of a group of five small basic proteins, occurring in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, that organize DNA strands into nucleosomes by forming molecular complexes around which the DNA winds.

Front 8

DNA Polymerase

Back 8

Any of a class of enzymes involved in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid from its deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors.

Front 9

Gene

Back 9

The basic physical unit of heredity; a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA, which, when translated into protein, leads to the expression of hereditary character.

Front 10

Messenger RNA

Back 10

A single-stranded molecule of RNA that is synthesized in the nucleus from a DNA template and then enters the cytoplasm, where its genetic code specifies the amino acid sequence for protein synthesis.

Front 11

Ribosomal RNA

Back 11

A type of RNA, distinguished by its length and abundance, functioning in protein synthesis as a component of ribosomes.

Front 12

Transfer RNA

Back 12

A small RNA molecule, consisting of a strand of nucleotides folded into a clover-leaf shape, that picks up an unattached amino acid within the cell cytoplasm and conveys it to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Front 13

Transcription

Back 13

The process by which genetic information on a strand of DNA is used to synthesize a strand of complementary RNA.

Front 14

RNA Polymerase

Back 14

An enzyme that synthesizes the formation of RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Front 15

Promoter

Back 15

A site on a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription; A gene sequence that activates transcription.

Front 16

Intron

Back 16

A noncoding segment in a length of DNA that interrupts a gene-coding sequence or nontranslated sequence, the corresponding segment being removed from the RNA copy before transcription.

Front 17

Exon

Back 17

Any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.

Front 18

Codon

Back 18

Any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.

Front 19

Translation

Back 19

The process by which a messenger RNA molecule specifies the linear sequence of amino acids on a ribosome for protein synthesis.

Front 20

Anticodon

Back 20

A sequence of three nucleotides in a region of transfer RNA that recognizes a complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA during translation by the ribosomes in protein biosynthesis.