Biology V03 Ch.25

Front 1

an organism, usually a microorganism, capable of producing disease.

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Pathogens

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A Cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea.

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Prokaryotes

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a bacterium with a spherical shape

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Cocci (Cocus)

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a rod-shaped bacterium.

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Bacilli (bacillus)

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A long, flexible, helical bacterium.

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spirochete

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A long, rigid, helical bacterium

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spirillum (spirilla)

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A spirillum (spiral-shaped bacterium) that is shaped like a comma.

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vibrio

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region of a prokaryotic cell that contains DNA; not enclosed by a membrane

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nuclear area

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region of a prokaryotic cell that contains DNA; not enclosed by a membrane. Also called nuclear area

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nucleoid

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The structure outside the plasma membrane of certain cells; may contain cellulose (plant cells), chitin (most fungal cells), peptioglycan and/or lipopolysaccharide (most bacterial cells), or other material.

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cell wall

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a modified protein or peptide having an attached carbohydrate; component of the bacterial cell wall. (absent in the archaean cell wall)

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peptidoglycan

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bacteria that retain the stain when rinsed by alcohol during grams method of staining. (also have resistance to decolorization)

this is a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is primarily composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan (containing teichoic and lipoteichoic acid complexed to the peptidoglycan.)

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gram-positive

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do not retain the stain when rinsed with alcohol. this characteristic of bacteria have two layers: a thin peptidoglycan layer and a thick outer membrane (resembles the plasma membrane but contains polysaccharides bonded to lipids)

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gram-negative

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A gelatinous coat that surrounds some bacteria

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Capsule

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An irregular, diffuse, unorganized form of glycocalyx in bacterial cells, comprised mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, and renders protection from dessication, loss of nutrients, and chemical insult. such as sterilization by means of chlorine and iodine

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slime layer

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hairlike structures that project from the cell surface of some prokaryotes; help bacteria to adhere to one another and to attach to the surfaces of cells they infect.

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fimbriae

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hairlike structures on the surface of many bacteria; function in conjugation or attachment

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pili

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a resting cell formed by certain bacteria; higly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants.

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endospores

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a long, whiplike structure extending from certain cells and used in locomotion. (1) eukaryote flagella consist of two central, single microtubules surrounded by nine double microtubules (9+2 structure), all covered by a plasma membrane (2) prokaryote flagella are filaments rotated by special structures located in the plasma membrane and cell wall.

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flagella (flagellum)

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a kind of taxis, in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.

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Chemotaxis

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small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries genes separate from those in the main DNA of a cell

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plasmids

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equal division of a prokaryotic cell into two; a type of asexual reproduction.

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binary fission

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asexual reproduction in which a small part of the parent's body separates from the rest and develops into a new individual; characteristic of yeasts and certain other organisms.

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budding

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A form of asexual reproduction wherein a parent organism breaks into fragments, each capable of growing independently into a new organism.

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fragmentation

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insertion of foreign genes into a cell or organism.

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gene transfer

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horizontal gene transfer

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occurs when an organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its offspring.

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transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring

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vertical gene transfer

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the incorporation of genetic material into a cell, thereby changing its phenotype

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Transformation

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the transfer of a genetic fragment from one cell to another. eg; from one bacterium to another, by a virus

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Transduction

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A sexual process in ciliate protists that involves exchange of haploid nuclei with another cell.

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Conjugation

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donor cell or F+ cells

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has DNA that can be transfered to recipient cells or F- cells. has F factor

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recipient cells or F- cells

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.

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A DNA sequence or plasmid that confers certain bacteria the ability to produce a sex pilus for conjugation with other bacteria.

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F factor

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fine filamentous projections (pili) on the surface of a bacterium that are important in conjugation.

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sex pili

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autotrophs

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an organism that systhesizes complex organic compounds from simle inorganic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer.

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an organism that cannot synthesize its own food from inorganic raw materials and therefore must obtain energy and body-building materials from other organisms.

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heterotrphs

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An organism (typically a bacterium or protozoan) that obtains energy through chemical process, which is by the oxidation of electron donating molecules from the environment, rather than by photosynthesis.

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chemotrophs

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An organism, typically a plant, obtaining energy from sunlight as its source of energy to convert inorganic materials into organic materials for use in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration.

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phototrophs

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An organism, typically a plant, obtaining energy from sunlight as its source of energy to convert inorganic materials into organic materials for use in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration

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photoautotrophs

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An organism (typically a bacterium or a protozoan) that obtains energy through chemical process, which is by the oxidation of electron donating molecules from the environment, rather than by photosynthesis.

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chemoautotrophs

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An organism that depends on light for most of its energy and principally on organic compounds for its carbon.

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photoheterotrophs

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majority bacteria. An organism deriving energy by ingesting intermediates or building blocks that it is incapable of creating on its own. rely on chemical energy

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chemoheterotrophs

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An organism whose ecological function involves the recycling of nutrients by performing the natural process of decomposition as it feeds on dead or decaying organisms.

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decomposers

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growing or metabolizing only in the presence of molecular oxygen.

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aerobic

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An organism which is capable of producing energy through aerobic respiration and then switching back to anaerobic respiration depending on the amounts of oxygen and fermentable material in the environment

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facultative anaerobes

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An anaerobe that does not require oxygen and lives only in anaerobic environment. only can carry on metabolism anaerobically.

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obligate anaerobes

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The incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia by various bacteria, catalysed by nitrogenase.

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nitrogen fixation

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The oxidation of ammonium compounds in dead organic material into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants).

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nitrification.

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short oligonucleotides of unique sequence found in 16S ribosomal RNA of a particular group of prokaryotes

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signature sequences

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prokaryotic organisms with a number of features, such as the absence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, that set them apart from the bacteria. (do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls unlike bacteria)

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Archaea

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(Do have peptidoglycan in their cell walls) a prokaryotic type of cell structure, which means their cells are noncompartmentalized, and their DNA (usually circular) can be found throughout the cytoplasm rather than within a membrane-bound nucleus. most are decomposers, some parasite, and some autotrohs.

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Bacteria

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mainly consist of exreme thermophiles, archaea that can inhabit very hot, sometimes acidic, place

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Crenarchaeota

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methanogens, extreme halophiles, and some extreme thermophiles

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Euryarchaeota

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obligate anaerobes that produce methane gas from simple carbon compounds.

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methanogens

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An organism whose growth is dependent on large amounts (generally more than 10% in solution) of salt (sodium chloride, NaCl).

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Extreme halophiles

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very small (400 nm) anaerobic, extreme thermophile that is now classified as a euryarchaeote

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Nanoarchaeum

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a long relationship between two different species. To this can be added, mutualism, (benefit for both), commensalism (benefit for one neutral for the other) and parasitism (benefit for one, costly for the other).

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symbiosis

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symbionts

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.

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A symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association

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mutualism

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A form of symbiosis between two organisms of different species in which one of them benefits from the association whereas the other is largely unaffected or not significantly harmed or benefiting from the relationship.

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commensalism

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A form of symbiosis in which one organism (called parasite) benefits at the expense of another organism usually of different species (called host). The association may also lead to the injury of the host.

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parasitism

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An organism that obtains nourishment and shelter on another organism.

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parasite

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An organism that is infected with or is fed upon by a parasitic or pathogenic organism (for example, a virus, nematode, fungus).

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host

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An agent causing disease or illness to its host, such as an organism or infectious particle capable of producing a disease in another organism.

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pathogens. bacterial pathogens cause disease, but are usually not considered obligate parasites.

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dense communities of bacteria and other microorganisms.

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biofilms

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the process of using microorganisms and sometimes other organisms to detoxify or remove oil, gasoline, and other pollutants or toxic chemicals from the environment.

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bioremediation

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all plants and animals harbor a population of microorganisms that are considered normal microflora, harmless symbiotic prokaryotes.

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Microbiota

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guideline that demonstrate a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms: (1) the pathogen must be present in every individual with the disease, (2) a sample of the microorganism taken from the diseased host can be grown in pure culture, (3) a sample of the pure culture causes the same disease when injected into a healthy host, and (4) the microorganism can be recovered from the experimentally infected host.

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koch's postulates

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toxins or strong poisons produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, when the bacterial cell is destroyed, and released into the culture medium or environment.

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exotoxins

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not secreted by pathogens but are components of the cell walls of most gram-negative bacteria. affect the host only when they are released from dead bacteria. it bind to the host's macrophages, and stimulate them to release substances that cause fever and other symptoms of infection. unlike exotoxins. it appear to affect the entire body rather than causing specific symptoms. they are not destroyed by heating

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Endotoxins

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Plasmids that have genes for antibiotic resistance.they have genes for resistance to a specific drug and for transferring the resistance to other bacteria.

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R factors

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MRSA

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methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, have been directly linked to the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by plasmids during conjugation.

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VRSA

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vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, have been directly linked to the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by plasmids during conjugation.