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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Taxonomy? |
Science of classifying organisms |
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What is the purpose of taxonomy? |
To identify organisms and to represent relationships among them |
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What is Binomial Nomenclature? |
Each living organism gets a two part scientific name using Latin words. A scientific name is often based on some characteristic such as colour or habitat. |
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What is the first part of the name called? |
First part of name is called the genus and is always in italics and capitalized |
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What is the second part of the name called? |
The second part of the name is called the species and is not capitalized but written in italics. |
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What is a species? |
Species are organism that can only breed with each other |
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What is the purpose of genus naming? |
The purpose to the genus naming is to show relationship. Organisms that have the same genus come from a common ancestor |
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How many levels of classification to taxa are there? |
seven. |
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What are the 7 levels of classification? |
Kingdom - Phylum - Class- Order- Family- Genus- Species |
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How are two organism related?
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The closer to the bottom two living organisms are, the closer their relation |
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How many kingdoms are there? |
six. |
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Characteristics of Eubacteria |
- Simple organisms lacking nuclei (prokaryotic) - Heterotroph or autotroph - Reproduce asexually - Can live nearly everywhere - Cell wall (often present) - Representative organisms: bacteria, cyanobacteria |
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Characteristics of Archaeabacteria |
- Prokaryotic - Heterotrophs - Live in salt lakes, hot springs, animal guts - Cell wall (does not contain peptidoglycan) - Representative organisms: methanogens, extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles |
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Characteristics of Protists |
- Most are single celled; some are multicellular; some are eukaryotic - Some are autotrophs, some heterotrophs, some both - Live in aquatic or moist habitats - Cell wall absent - Representative organisms: algae, protozoa |
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Characteristics of Fungi |
- Most are multicellular - Heterotrophs - Reproduce sexually and asexually - Most are terrestrial - Cell wall - Representative organisms: mushrooms, yeast, bread moulds |
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Characteristics of Plantae |
- All are multicellular - Autotrophs - Reproduce sexually and asexually - Most are terrestrial - Cell wall - Representative organisms: mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants |
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Characteristic of Animalia |
- All are multicellular - Heterotrophs - Most reproduce sexually - Live in terrestrial and aquatic habitats - Cell wall absent - Representative organisms: sponges, worms, lobsters, starfish, humans |
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Many microbiologists feel that all traditional kingdom systems should be replaced with... |
a three-domain classification system |
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Representatives of Eubacteria |
cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria |
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Representatives of Archaeabacteria |
halophiles, thermophiles |
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Representatives of Eukaryota |
plants, animals, fungi, protists |
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What is the history of the evolution of the organisms is called? |
Phylogeny |
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Why down virus fit in the six-kingdom system? |
Because the do not display most of the characteristics of living cells. Outisde a living cell, a virus is lifeless chemical and carries out no life functions on its own.
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How does it take over? |
Packages of genetic instructions that can enter and take control of the host cell |
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What is a virus cell made up of? |
Consists of an inner nucleic acid core surrounded by an outer protein coat called capsid, giving the virus its shape. The capsid accounts for 95% of the total virus. |
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What are Bacteriophages? |
A category of viruses known as “eaters of bacteria” that have a unique tadpole shape |
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What can virus infect? |
only bacteria or plants or animals |
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What are the four steps of viral replication? |
1. Attachment and entrance 2. Synthesis of Protein 3. Assembly of units 4. Release of new viruses |
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What is this process called? |
Lytic cycle |
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how long does it take? |
25-40 minutes to produce up to 300 new viruses |
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What is Lysogenic cycle? |
The virus coexists for a while to make many more viruses instead of killing the cell |
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What are use to prevent viral diseases? |
Vaccines |
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What happens when someone is vaccinated? |
the body reacts to the vaccine as if it were a real virus and produces antibodies. Antibodies stay with us and as a result, the body is immune to that disease |
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Why do some virus like AIDS have no vaccine? |
The AIDS virus replicates so fast that the vaccine can’t recognize it |
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How can viruses be good? |
they are important in ecosystems by causing disease, they control the population of other organisms. They make sure no species takes over their environment |
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What are obligate intracellular parasites? |
Cells that cannot thrive without their host. |
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Characteristics of Prokaryotes |
- Single-celled organisms, that lack membrane bound organelles (ex: nucleus) - The smallest organisms on earth - They are all unicellular, but some can stick together in colonies - Cells usually have a single chromosome in the form of a DNA loop - They reproduce asexually through binary fission |
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Characteristics of Arachaeabacteria |
- Their cell membrane and walls have unique chemical makeup - They also have genetic information that distinguishes them from bacteria and eukaryotes - Found in harsh environments such as swamps, high salt concentrations, high temperature or high acidity |
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What live in anaerobic condition? |
- Methanogens (produce methane) - Thermophiles (live in temperature up to 110o) - Halophiles (live in very salty water) - Psychrophiles (live in cold temperature -10 - -20 ) |
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Eubacteria are classified according to appearance since most bacteria display one of three shapes: |
1. Spherical (plural: cocci singular: coccus) 2. Rod-shaped (plural: bacilli singular: bacillus) 3. Spiral (plural: spiralla singular: spirillum) |
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A row of cells is called? |
Strepto- |
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A cluster is called |
Staphylo- |
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Characteristics of or a bacterium |
-A bacterium's chromosome is a single loop of DNA called plasmid (found in a region called nuclei) - Ribosomes, used for protein synthesis, are scattered throughout the cytoplasm - One or more flagella for movement and small hair-like structures called pili (singular pilius) which help the cell attach to other cells |
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Respiration and Nutrition/Getting food of bacteria |
- Some bacteria are aerobic, meaning they must have oxygen to survive - Bacteria that are anaerobic can only grow in the absence of oxygen - Most bacteria are heterotrophs - Some are autotrophs by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (using chemical reactions) |
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Reproduction and Growth of Archaeabacteria and eubacteria |
Archaeabacteria and eubacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission - Single strand of DNA replicates - Bacterium produces a cross wall and divides into two identical cells - Identical DNA in each |
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What is conjugation |
In conjugation donor and recipient bacteria make cell to cell contact by means of special structure called sex pilius where plasmids are transferred resulting in new genetic bacteria |
