Biology Unit Iiienzymes & Cell Respiration

Front 1

CATALYZE

Back 1

a substance that initiates
or accelerates a chemical
reaction without itself
being affected

Front 2

ENZYME

Back 2

Specialized protein molecule
whose function is to catalyze
reactions.

Front 3

ACTIVATION
ENERGY

Back 3

The amount of energy
required to start a reaction.

Front 4

HOW TO ENZYMES
EFFECT ACTIVATION
ENERGY?

Back 4

Enzymes reduce the amount
of activation evergy necessary
to start a reaction.

Front 5

LOCK AND KEY
HYPOTHESIS

Back 5

Substrate
Enzyme - "key"
Acive Site
Enzyme Substiate Complex

Front 6

LOCK AND KEY
HYPOTHESIS:
Substrate

Back 6

Substrate - "lock"
(substances that Enzymes
work on)

Front 7

LOCK AND KEY
HYPOTHESIS:
Enzyme

Back 7

Enzyme - "key"
(Name indicates
where it works)

Front 8

LOCK AND KEY
HYPOTHESIS:
Active Site

Back 8

Active Site- The site on
an enzyme that matches
the substrate.

Front 9

LOCK AND KEY
HYPOTHESIS:
Enzyme Substiate
Complex

Back 9

Enzyme Substiate
Complex -
Substiates combined
in active site.

Front 10

WHAT
INFLUENCES
ENZYMES ?

Back 10

Temperature
PH
Concentration of substrates
Concentration of enzymes
Inhibitor molecules

Front 11

COENZIME

Back 11

Molecules that assist enzymes.
Help substrate fit better.
Helps enzymes find substrate.
Carrier molecules - Nad + Fad +
AKA - "Vitamins"

Front 12

WHAT IS ANOTHER
WORD FOR VITAMINS?

Back 12

Coenzimes

Front 13

METABOLISM
AND ATP

Back 13

A

Front 14

METABOLISM

Back 14

All chemical reactions
in an organism.

Front 15

TWO TYPES
OF METABOLISM

Back 15

Anabolism (Endothermic)
Catacolism (Exothermic)

Front 16

ANABOLISM
METABOLISM

Back 16

(Biosynthesis)
Building of large
complex of molecules.
Endothermic.

Front 17

CATABOLISM
METABOLISM

Back 17

(Degradation)
Breakdown of large
molecules.
Exothermic.

Front 18

WHAT DOES ATP
STAND FOR?

Back 18

Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 19

WHAT IS ADENOSIE
TRIPHOSPATE (ATP)?

Back 19

Nucleotide Adenine +
Ribose Sugar,
bonded to 3 phosphates.

Front 20

ABOUT ATP

Back 20

Smallest form of energy
in cells. Last two bonds
contain high energy levels.
Mitochondria convert
glucose to ATP Phosphate
(PO3_ is not used but can
be put back into the cycle.

Front 21

WHAT IS THE
SMALLEST FORM
OF ENERGY IN CELLS?

Back 21

ATP

Front 22

WHAT CONVERTS
GLUCOSE TO ATP?

Back 22

MITOCHONDRIA

Front 23

WHAT IS ADP?

Back 23

Adenocene DiPhosphate

Front 24

WHAT HAPPENS
IN ADP CYCLE?

Back 24

When one phosphate is
removed from ATP it
becomes a diphosphate

Front 25

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Back 25

A series of Catabolic reactions
that breaks down glucose __________
into _______________ & releases
molecules.

Front 26

WHERE DOES CELLULAR
RESPIRATION OCCUR

Back 26

In Mitochondria and
Cytoplasm

Front 27

TOTAL REACTION
OF CELLULAR
RESPIRATION

Back 27

________________________________________

Front 28

IF THERE IS ENOUGH 02
PRESENT WITH ONE
GLUCOSE, HOW MANY
ATP WILL CELL
RESPIRATION PRODUCE?

Back 28

38 ATP

Front 29

IF THERE IS NOT ENOUGH
02 PRESENT WITH ONE
GLUCOSE, WHAT WILL BE
PRODUCED IN THE MUSCLES,
AND HOW MANY ATP WILL BE PRODUCED?

Back 29

Lactic Acid
2 ATP

Front 30

WHAT ARE THE THREE
STAGES OF CELL RESPIRATION

Back 30

Glycoysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
System (Chain)

Front 31

WHAT IS GLYCOSIS

Back 31

One of the stages of
Cell Respiration.
Initial breakdown of
glucose to pyruvate
(pyrovic acid).

Front 32

WHERE DOES
GLYCOSIS OCCUR?

Back 32

In the Cytoplasm

Front 33

IF THERE IS ENOUGH
02 PRESENT WITH
ONE GLUCOSE, HOW
MANY ATP WILL
CELL RESPIRATION
PRODUCE?

Back 33

38 ATP

Front 34

IF THERE IS NOT ENOUGH 02
PRESENT WITH ONE
GLUCOSE, WHAT WILL BE
PRODUCED IN THE MUSCLES,
AND HOW MANY ATP WILL BE PRODUCED?

Back 34

Lactic Acid
2 ATP

Front 35

WHAT ARE THE THREE
STAGES OF CELL RESPIRATION

Back 35

Glycoysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
System (Chain)

Front 36

WHAT IS GLYCOSIS

Back 36

The first stage of
Cell Respiration.
Initial breakdown
of glucose to pyruvate
(pyrovic acid).

Front 37

WHERE DOES
GLYCOSIS OCCUR?

Back 37

In the Cytoplasm

Front 38

WHAT IS KREB'S CYCLE?

Back 38

Second of the three
stages of cell respiration.
The breakdown of
pyruvate (continued
breakdown of food)

Front 39

WHERE DOES THE
KREB'S CYCLE OCCUR?

Back 39

In the Mitochondria

Front 40

WHAT IS THE
BIPRODUCT OF
THE KREB'S CYCLE?

Back 40

CO2

Front 41

WHAT IS ELECTRON
TRANSPORT SYSTEM?

Back 41

The third of the three
stages of cell respiration.
Main producer of ATP.

Front 42

WHERE DOES THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM OCCUR?

Back 42

The Mitochondria

Front 43

GLYSOLYSIS STEP 1

Back 43

6C GLUCOSE ACTIVELY
TRANSPORTED INTO
THE CELL?

Front 44

GLYCOLYSIS STEP 2

Back 44

DURING GLYCOLYSIS ATP
RELAEASES A PHOSPHATE WHICH
ATTACHES TO ONE
END OF THE GLUCOSE
MOLECULE FORMING
GLUCOSE 6- PHOSPHATE

Front 45

GLYCOLYSIS STEP 3

Back 45

ANOTHER ATP RELEASES A
PHOSPHATE WHICH ATTACHES
TO THE GLUCOSE MOLECULE
FORMING 6C- GLUCOSE
DIPHOSPHATE

Front 46

GLYCOLYSIS STEP 4

Back 46

AN ENZYME REARRANGES
6C-GLUCOSE DIPHOSPHATE
INTO 6C- FRUCTOSE
DIPHOSPHATE

Front 47

GLYCOLYSIS STEP 5

Back 47

AN ENSYME SPLITS
6C-FRUSTOSE
DIPHOSPHATE INTO
TWO MOLECULES
CALLED 3C- PHOSPHOGLYCERALDEHYDE
(PGAL)

Front 48

WHAT IS PGAL?

Back 48

3C - Phosphoglyceraldehyde

Front 49

GLYCOLYSIS STEP 6

Back 49

BOTH PGALS PICK UP A
PHOPHATE FROM
CYTOPLASM AND
BECOME 3C-
DIPHOSPHOGLYCERALDEHYDE
(DIPGAL)

Front 50

WHAT IS (Di PGAL)?

Back 50

3C - DiPhosphoglyceraldehyde

Front 51

GLYCOLYSIS STEP 7

Back 51

DURING GLYCOSIS EACH
DiPGAL IS OXODIZED BY
NAD+ AND BECOMES
3c-DIPHOSPHOGLYCERIC
ACID (Di PGA)

Front 52

GLYCOLYSIS STEP 8

Back 52

A PHOSPHATE IS RELEASED
FROM EACH DI PGA
TO AN ADP MOLECULE,
CREATING 3c-
PHOSPHOGLYCERIC
ACID (PGA)

Front 53

GLYCOLYSIS STEP 9

Back 53

THE REMAINING PHOSPHATE
MOLECULE IS RELEASED
FROM EACH PGA TO AN
ADP MOLECULE
CREATING 2 MOLECULES OF
3C-Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid).

Front 54

WHAT IS L.E.O.?
WHAT IS L.E.R.?
"THE LION"

Back 54

Lose Electrons - Oxidation
Gain Electrons - Reduction

Front 55

GLYCOLYSIS

Back 55

-Occurs in Cytoplasm
-Glucose is actively transported into cell
-2 ATPs used
-4 ATPSs are produced
-NAD+ NADH (Oxidation/Reduction
-2 molecules of 3c - Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid) are formed

Front 56

KREB'S CYCLE

Back 56

-2nd stage of cell respiration
-Begins in cytoplasm, moves to motochondria
-Starts where Glycolysis ended
(2 3c - Pyruvate molecules)

Front 57

KREB'S CYCLE #1

Back 57

DURING KREB'S CYCLE:
AN ENZYME CONVERTS
PYRURATE (3C) INTO
ACETATE (2C);
1 CO2is released

Front 58

KREB'S CYCLE #2

Back 58

DURING KREB'S CYCLE:
ACETATE (2C) IS OXIDIZED
BY NAD+ TO PRODUCE
NADH AND IS CARRIED
TO THE E.T.S.

Front 59

KREB'S CYCLE #3

Back 59

Co-A picks up the
acetate (2C) & delivers
it to the Kreb's Cycle
in the Mitochondria
for their respiration.

Front 60

KREB'S CYCLE #4

Back 60

DURING THE KREB'S CYCLE:
ACETATE (2C) REACTS WITH
OXALOACETATE (4C)
TO FORM CITRATE (6C).
WHAT IS RELEASED?CO-A
IS RELEASED

Front 61

KREB'S CYCLE #5

Back 61

ENZYMES REARRANGE
CITRATE (6C)-1 CO2 is released
-Citrate (6C) is oxidized
by NAD+, forming NADH
-Ketogluterate (5C) is oxidized by NAD+ forming NADH

Front 62

KREB'S CYCLE #7

Back 62

ENZYMES REARRANGE
KETOGLUERATE (5C)
INTO SUCCINATE.

Front 63

KREB'S CYLE #8

Back 63

1 ATP IS PRODUCED
Succinate (4C) is oxidized
by FAD+, forming FADH2

Front 64

KREB'S CYCLE #9

Back 64

ENZYMES REARRANGE
SUCCINATE (4C)
NAD+ oxidizes this
molecule to produce NADH

Front 65

KREB'S CYCLE #10

Back 65

OXALAOACETATE
(4C) IS PRODUCED

Front 66

WHAT ARE THE KREB'S
CYCLE RESULTS?

Back 66

-1 Pyrurate (3C) = 1 turn of the krebiscycle
-3 CO2s are lost
-4 NADH
-1 FADH2
-1 ATP produced
-However, 1 glucose (6c) = 2 pyrurates (3c)
-2 Turns per 1 Glucose

Front 67

WHAT ARE THE KREB'S CYCLE
RESULTS IN REGARDS TO
THE 2 TURNS PER 1 GLUCOSE?

Back 67

a) 6 CO2s lost
b) 8 NADH
c) 2 FADH2
d) 2 ATP Produced

Front 68

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM (CHAIN)?

Back 68

-Final Stage of cell respiration
-Occurs in the Cristae of the Mitochondria
-Main producer of ATP

Front 69

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM #1

Back 69

NADH & FADH2 DROP
OFF THEIR ELECTRONS
AND H+ IONS AT
VARIOUS CYTOCHROMES
(Electron Carriers)

Front 70

WHAT IS A CYTOCHROME?

Back 70

An electron carrier

Front 71

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM #2

Back 71

AT EACH
CYTOCHOROME,
H ATOMS ARE SPLIT
INTO H+s AND Es.

Front 72

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM #3

Back 72

Several Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Occur.

Front 73

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM #4

Back 73

Electrons are passed
from Cytochrome to
Cytochrome

Front 74

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM #5

Back 74

During each step,
electron energy is released.

Front 75

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM #6

Back 75

Excess H+s are actively
transporeted out of
the Cristae. And they
increase in concentration.

Front 76

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM #7

Back 76

THE TERMINAL CYTOCHROME
USES SOME ELECTRON
ENERGY TO COMBINE
2H+ 1/20 2 to FORM H2O

Front 77

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM #8

Back 77

INCREASED H+S
DIFFUSE BACK INTO
THE CRISTAE, PASSING
THROUGH Ensyme syntestaze

Front 78

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM #9

Back 78

THE KINETIC ENERGY
FROM THE H+s IS
USED BY ATP
SYNTHESTAZE TO
BOND FREE ADP TO
FORM ATP

Front 79

CELL RESPIRATION
SUMMARY

Back 79

A

Front 80

NAME THE THREE
PROCESSES OF
CELL RESPIRATION:

Back 80

Glycolysis
Kreb's Cycle
Electron Transport System

Front 81

1 NADH = WHAT?

Back 81

3 ATP

Front 82

LOCK AND KEY
HYPOTHESIS

Back 82

A