Biology Unit 4 The Cell

Front 1

What are the components of the endomembrane system? Describe them.

Back 1

-Endoplasmic Reticulum: series of membrane sacs; wind their way through cytoplasm, continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus.
-Vesicle: bud off from and fuse with Golgi and ER, transport material from ER to Golgi and back, from Golgi to Plasma Membrane, Lysosomes, and Vesicles.
-Golgi Apparatus: stack of flat, membranous sacs derived from the ER.
-Lysosomes: A vesicle that breaks down and splits things.
-Vacuoles: Storage space.

Front 2

What is the difference between the smooth ER and the rough ER?

Back 2

Smooth ER:
-lipid synthesis
-carbohydrate metabolism
-detoxification of drugs and poison
-tubular
Rough ER:
-Processes secretary proteins -> makes enzymes on outside that are not yet complex and are primary.
-Membrane synthesis.

Front 3

What are ribosomes, and what are they made of?

Back 3

-made up of rRNA&proteins
-site of protein synthesis.
-a large subunit and a small subunit find and snap together on the ER, creating a ribosome.
-found in the cytoplasm.

Front 4

What is lumen?

Back 4

Lumen is the interior of any tube of sack. ie: milk travels through the lumen of a straw.

Front 5

What are the three different kinds of RNA?

Back 5

-mRNA(messenger RNA):copied off of DNA; gene recipe for polypeptides
-rRNA(ribosomal RNA):recipe for the nucleolus; the building material that makes up a ribosome.
tRNA(transfer RNA):seek out amino acids and bring them to ribosomes to match with mRNA for primary protein sequence.

Front 6

How do polypeptides look?

Back 6

They look like worm-like structures.

Front 7

What is crista?

Back 7

Any of the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Front 8

What is cisternae?

Back 8

Small folds; made up of membrane sacs.

Front 9

What is translation?

Back 9

The process from DNA/RNA to protein.

Front 10

What do bulges on the picture of a cell represent?

Back 10

Vesicles: carry protein from the ER to the sorting center(golgi body)

Front 11

What is a lysosome?

Back 11

An enzyme-filled vesicle that buds off from the GA, digests food and worn out organelles ie: mitochondria.

Front 12

What are the properties of a vacuole?

Back 12

-has no enzymes
-storage devices
-surrounding;combines with a lysosome, enzymes digest piece of algae *fuse*

Front 13

What do mitochondria consist of?

Back 13

A pair of membranes enclosing two fluid compartments. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic metabolism.

Front 14

VIDEO NOTES:

Back 14

Protein is the transfer through series of membrane structures
- The Golgi is the sorting component
- As proteins move, they're modified into vesicles
- 3 main parts of the Golgi: cis citerna, cis medial cisternae, and transgolgi network
-Translation proteins are encapsulated in ER vesicles
-Proteins are modified by the golgi enzyme
-Movements occurs in waves
*Sysmaturation process*

Front 15

DAY 3:

What are the properties/roles of the chloroplast?

Back 15

-they have a double membrane
-they perform photosynthesis(transform radiant energy to chemica energy)
-holds sugar together

Front 16

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

Back 16

The cytoskeleton provides structure for the cell and gives it shape.

Front 17

What is the cytoskeleton?

Back 17

A network of proteins in the cytoplasm that facilitates movement.

Front 18

What are the three different roles of the cytoskeleton?

Back 18

-Mechanical Support
-Cell Motility
-Regulation of Biochemical Activities

Front 19

Mechanical support controls the:

Back 19

-shape of the cell
-anchorage for organelles

Front 20

Cell motility controls the:

Back 20

-movement of the cell
-movement of parts within the cell

Front 21

Regulation biochemical involves:

Back 21

-outside forces pushing on cell membrane proteins can be transmitted to internal organelles and thereby affect their function
- allow force from outside cell to be transferred to within the cell

Front 22

The cytoskeleton is made up of protein. There are two kinds of protein. Name and describe these kinds.

Back 22

-One makes up small and medium sizes of the cytoskeleton: microfilaments & intermediate filaments
-One makes up the large parts: microtubules

Front 23

What are microfilaments/intermediate filaments made up of?

Back 23

Actin monomers(you can add or subtract monomers easily to change the shape).

Front 24

What are the two kinds of forces?

Back 24

-Tensional Force:Pulling apart ie:ropes
-Conventional Force:Pushing together

Front 25

What are the purposes of the microfilament?

Back 25

Microtubule:-cell shape(tension)
-muscle contraction
-cytoplasmic streaming
-motility(pseudopodia)

Front 26

What are the purposes of the intermediate filament?

Back 26

-cell shape(tension)
-anchorage of nucleus&other organelles

Front 27

What are the purposes of the microtubule?

Back 27

-cell shape(compression)
-motility(cilia and flagella)
-chromosome&organelle movement
-keep from being stretched

Front 28

What does amorphous mean?

Back 28

Amorphous means without a given shape.

Front 29

What's a pseudopod?

Back 29

-false feet
-peninsula that comes off an amoeba
-a temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells

Front 30

What are the properties/roles of centrioles?

Back 30

-involved in mitosis
-made up of 27 microtubules
-travel in pairs known as a centrosomes

Front 31

The centrosome is the headquarters of:

Back 31

-Microtubules--where the original microtubules start from. -MTOC=microtubule organizing center

Front 32

In the centriole, how many groupings are there?

Back 32

9 groupings of 3.

Front 33

What are cilia and flagella?

Back 33

-have a centriole-like pattern
-microorganisms covered with small hairs to move cells
-whip like appendages of many living cells used to move fluid or propel the cells
-cilia=oar-like motion
-flagella=snake-like motion

Front 34

What is a gap junction?

Back 34

-made of doughnut shaped proteins
-provides channel between adjacent cells large enough for molecules and ions
-AKA communicating junctions provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell
-consist of special membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ion, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules can pass
-necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues

Front 35

What is a tight junction?

Back 35

-fuses membranes of adjacent cells
-forms a continuous belt around the cell
-membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other, bound together by specific proteins
-prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

Front 36

What is a desmosome?

Back 36

-fastens cells into strong sheets -acts like rivets
-strengthened by microfilaments
-AKA anchoring junctions
-function like rivets--fasten cells together in strong sheets

Front 37

What is the major water pollution problem that has been of concern in the eastern United States?

Back 37

The major concern is nonpoint source nitrogen in rivers. Numerousrivers and major bodies of water have been plagued by high amounts of nitrogen.

Front 38

Where does some of the nitrogen polluting the waterways come from?

Back 38

Crop fields and grazing lands.

Front 39

Why does nitrogen pollution in water occur?

Back 39

Rainfall dissolves and leaches nitrogen and other nutrients from soil into nearby streams and rivers that eventually feed coastal bodies of water.

Front 40

Why do important fish and shellfish die?

Back 40

Nitrogen causes flora and microbes to grow. This lowers the amount of dissolved oxygen in water. Since there's not much oxygen, fish die.

Front 41

What is denitrification?

Back 41

Denitrification is the process of nitrate being changed by bacteria to gaseous nitrogen.

Front 42

Why are wetlands important?

Back 42

They are a good complement to water quality improvement practices. They are pretty inexpensive to build. They're simple to operate, pleasing, and are home for a lot of wildlife

Front 43

Who was the Dutch man who worked with small lenses and fashioned a small microscope?

Back 43

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

Front 44

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek is known as the father of....

Back 44

Microbiology

Front 45

Who was the British scientist who used a compound microscope, and observed a thin slice of cork? He coined the term "cell".

Back 45

Robert Hooke

Front 46

Who were the two scientists who together concluded that all living things are made of cells?

Back 46

Mathias Schleiden and Teodor Schwann

Front 47

Who was the German pathologist who said that cells come from other cells?

Back 47

Rudoph Virchow

Front 48

What does acellular mean?

Back 48

A cell has a lot of the properties of a living thing, but it's not a cell.

Front 49

What does the modern cell theory state? (3 statements)

Back 49

The cell is:-the unit of structure-the unit of function-cells come from other cells

Front 50

Define a prokaryotic cell.

Back 50

A prokaryotic cell is one that:-is typical of bacteria-has no membrane bound nucleus(nucloid)

Front 51

Define a eukaryotic cell.

Back 51

A eukaryotic cell is one that:-has a normal nucleus in the center-consists of organelles in the cytoplasm-has a cell/plasma membrane-between nuclear and plasma membranes

Front 52

A cell/plasma membrane is(4 statements):

Back 52

-bilayered-semipermeable-made up of phospholipids-fluid mosaic

Front 53

What is chromatin?

Back 53

The form that DNA is stored in except for when the cell is dividing. It's a chromosome with a different packing structure.

Front 54

The cell membrane is different from the nuclear membrane in that....

Back 54

The cell membrane only has 1 2-ply bilayer, whereas the nuclear membrane has a 4-ply layer.

Front 55

What is the organelle that is the site of protein building?

Back 55

The ribosome.

Front 56

What is the role of the nucleolus?

Back 56

To build ribosomes, and process RNA messages off of DNA. The nucleolus creates a copy of DNA and revises it.

Front 57

What are the properties of the nucleolus?

Back 57

-composed of ribosomal RNA-forms subunits of ribosomes