Biology- Topics In Medicine And Health

Front 1

Genetic information is stored in cells as

Back 1

DNA

Front 2

___% of the human genome actually codes for protein

Back 2

Less than 2

Front 3

The visible expression of traits is the organism's

Back 3

Phenotype

Front 4

All of the genes in ___ are called the genome

Back 4

A cell

Front 5

All of the genes in ___ are called the gene pool

Back 5

A population

Front 6

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have

Back 6

Cell membranes AND Ribosomes

Front 7

In the cell membrane, ___ are responsible for selective permeability and determine what materials can cross in and out of the cell.

Back 7

Proteins

Front 8

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a defect in the

Back 8

Cell membrane

Front 9

Protein modification/processing takes place in the

Back 9

Endoplasmic reticulum AND golgi bodies

Front 10

What type of cell division converts diploid cells into haploid cells?

Back 10

Meiotic

Front 11

Haploid

Back 11

Where there is one of each chromosome (one from each parent) and they fuse together to become a diploid cell.

Front 12

In humans, fertilization of the egg by sperm usually takes place in the

Back 12

Fallopian tube

Front 13

Implantation of the embryo usually takes place in the

Back 13

Uterus

Front 14

Implantation usually occurs appx. ___ after fertilization

Back 14

One week

Front 15

Ectopic (tubal) pregnancies are much more common in women who ___ during pregnancy.

Back 15

Smoke cigarettes

Front 16

Teratogens (things that cause birth defects) cause the most problems during the ___ trimester of pregnancy

Back 16

First

Front 17

Gregor Mendel did his research in the ___

Back 17

Mid 1800s

Front 18

Unlike earlier researchers Mendel used ___ along with botany to explain inheritance

Back 18

Mathematics

Front 19

TRUE or FALSE: Mendel knew that his "elementen" (determinants) were located on chromosomes because meiosis had been discovered before his research.

Back 19

FALSE

Front 20

If two purple flowered pea plants are crossed and their progeny were 35 purple and 11 white, their most probable genotypes are

Back 20

Ww x Ww

Front 21

One of the purple flowered pea plants produced in the cross Ww x Ww was crossed with a white. If the progeny contained both purple and white plants, the genotype of the purple plant was:

Back 21

Ww

Front 22

What is an allele

Back 22

A varient of a gene

Front 23

If there was a 1/4 chance that an offspring will be yellow and a 1/4 chance that it will be dwarf. What is the chance that it will be BOTH yellow and dwarf?

Back 23

1/16

Front 24

Two normal people have a sickle-celled child. What is the chance that their next pregnancy will produce a child with sickle cell?

Back 24

25%

Front 25

What is the most likely genotype of the pink flowers?

Back 25

Rr

Front 26

If two pink flowers were crossed, what is the most likely result in the progeny?

Back 26

1 red: 2 pink: 1 white

Front 27

TRUE or FALSE: Two people with a type A blood can have a child with type O blood

Back 27

TRUE

Front 28

TRUE or FALSE: A person with type AB blood has both A and B antigens on the surface of their blood cells

Back 28

TRUE

Front 29

If H codes for hairless and is lethal as a homozygote and h codes for hair, what do you expect in the living offspring when you cross Hh x Hh?

Back 29

2 hairless: 1 hair

Front 30

A gene that has many different effects is called

Back 30

Pleiotropic

Front 31

Under normal conditions, motchondrial defects are inherited from your

Back 31

Mother

Front 32

When the same condition can be caused by alleles of two or more different genes, the condition is said to show ___

Back 32

Genetic heterogeneity

Front 33

A trait that is caused by the (additive) combined actions of more than one gene is said to be ___

Back 33

Polygenic

Front 34

A trait that is affected by both genes and environment is said to be ___

Back 34

Multifactorial

Front 35

Human eye color is thought to be ___ trait

Back 35

A polygenic

Front 36

Human height is thought to be ___ trait.

Back 36

A multifactorial AND a polygenic

Front 37

Darker skin color, which protects against harmful effects of UV light, needs to be balanced against the conversion of inactive vitamin ___ to its active form by UV light

Back 37

D

Front 38

A child shares ___ of its alleles with its mother.

Back 38

50%

Front 39

A grandparent shares ___ of its alleles with a grandchild.

Back 39

25%

Front 40

For a simple Mendelian trait like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell, the concordance between monozygotic twins should be ___

Back 40

100%

Front 41

Concordance between dizygotic twins is usually ___ between monozygotic twins

Back 41

Less than

Front 42

Heretability of a multifactorial trait in dizygotic twins is usually ___ in non twin siblings.

Back 42

The same as

Front 43

Faulty production/uptake of neurotransmitters has been implicated in

Back 43

Addiction AND mood disorders

Front 44

TRUE or FALSE: Most behaviors are multifactorial in nature having both genetic and environmental input

Back 44

TRUE

Front 45

Griffith, in his experiments with pneumococcus, found that ___ bacterial would kill mice.

Back 45

Live smooth AND a mixture of live rough & killed smooth

Front 46

If a sample of DNA had 20% A (adenine) nucleotides, what is the percentage og G (guanine)?

Back 46

30%

Front 47

The Hershey-Chase experiment showed that ___ was the genetic information because radioactive ___ from the virus was found inside that bacterial cells

Back 47

DNA, phosphorus

Front 48

DNA has a ___ backbone with ___ directed toward the inside

Back 48

Sugar-phosphate; base

Front 49

A gene is composed of ___

Back 49

DNA

Front 50

DNA replication

Back 50

The DNA double helix separates into two single strands and each serves as a new template to make a new single strand. The new double helices have one old and one newly synthesized single strand.

Front 51

When DNA is transcribed in the nucleus, a/an ___ copy is formed

Back 51

RNA

Front 52

Which kind of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis?

Back 52

tRNA

Front 53

How many bases (nucleotides) does it take to code for one amino acid during protein synthesis?

Back 53

3

Front 54

TRUE or FALSE: During different stages of development, different proteins are made

Back 54

TRUE

Front 55

The ability of DNA to be transcribed into RNA can be affected by ___

Back 55

Histone protein binding AND addition of methyl groups

Front 56

TRUE or FALSE: Alternate splicing of DNA can lead to more than one mRNA (and protein) being formed from the same gene.

Back 56

TRUE

Front 57

Which of the following is caused by a defect in an enzyme needed to dispose of an excess amino acid?

Back 57

PKU

Front 58

TRUE or FALSE: Most mutagens are also carcinogens

Back 58

TRUE

Front 59

Which of the following mutations (using the RNA code) would be considered a frame shift mutation?

Back 59

...CAA... --> ...AA...

Front 60

Which of the following mutations (using the RNA code) would most likely be a silent mutation?

Back 60

...CAA... --> ...CAG...

Front 61

If a nonsense mutation occurred early in the DNA sequence that codes for insulin ___

Back 61

The insulin is unlikely to function AND the protein would be truncated (shorter than usual)

Front 62

TRUE or FALSE: The vast majority of errors made during DNA replication are corrected by repair enzymes

Back 62

TRUE

Front 63

Transcription begins at a site on the DNA called the ___ where ___ polymerase binds.

Back 63

Promoter, RNA

Front 64

In RNA processing, a poly-___ tail is added to mRNA which ___ its longevity in the cytoplasm

Back 64

A, increases

Front 65

In RNA processing, ___ must be removed and the remaining ___ must be spliced together

Back 65

Introns, exons

Front 66

How many triplet codes (codons) actually specify amino acids?

Back 66

61

Front 67

Which is the initiator code?

Back 67

AUG

Front 68

Which amino acid is the first amino acid placed in every human protein?

Back 68

Methionine (MET)

Front 69

When codons are redundant (2 or more codons for the same amino acid) they usually differ by the base in the ___ position of the codon

Back 69

Third

Front 70

The enzyme needed to make protein is a/an ___ molecule

Back 70

rRNA

Front 71

TRUE or FALSE: During termination of protein synthesis, a terminator tRNA binds to the ribosome and releases the protein

Back 71

FALSE

Front 72

Which of the following can be caused by misfolded proteins?

Back 72

Alzheimer's disease AND BSE (mad cow disease)

Front 73

TRUE or FALSE: The control of gene expression can respond to environmental cues.

Back 73

TRUE

Front 74

TRUE or FALSE: Groups like the Amish of Pennsylvania are groups that show nonrandom matings which can lead to artificially high levels of alleles not seen in the general population

Back 74

TRUE

Front 75

TRUE or FALSE: Genetic drift is seen more prominently in large populations

Back 75

FALSE

Front 76

TRUE or FALSE: Random sampling errors often occur when a small group breaks off from a large population and migrates to a new area

Back 76

TRUE

Front 77

Which of the following populations reached a severe bottleneck about 10,000 years ago leading to very little genetic diversity in today's population?

Back 77

Cheetahs

Front 78

Positive selection occurs whenever a particular phenotype in a population allows an organism to ___

Back 78

Grow larger AND reproduce more

Front 79

TRUE or FALSE: Use of antibiotics is a selective force that increases the number of resistant bacteria in the population

Back 79

TRUE

Front 80

For a harmful recessive allele to remain at high levels in the population the ___ must show ___ selection

Back 80

Homozygous recessive; positive

Front 81

Being a heterozygous for cystic fibrosis partially protects humans from ___

Back 81

Diarrheal diseases

Front 82

Primates first appear in the fossil records of ___ years ago

Back 82

60 million

Front 83

The first member of Homo sp. found in the fossil record is Homo ___

Back 83

Habilis

Front 84

Scientific evidence indicates that Australopithecus sp. are ancestral to ___

Back 84

Humans

Front 85

There are two hypotheses for the origin of modern humans. Which of the following is best supported by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome analyses?

Back 85

Homo sapiens arose from Homo erectus in Africa and expanded their range worldwide

Front 86

Which of the following best describes the role of mitochondrial "Eve"?

Back 86

There were many modern females in Africa 100,000-300,000 years ago but only one has had an unbroken line of female descendants down to the present time.

Front 87

If a person has type A blood, which of the following blood types can be safely transfused without agglutination/clumping?

Back 87

A AND O

Front 88

Which combination of Rh antigens leads to probable complications between mother and fetus

Back 88

Mother Rh-, fetus Rh+

Front 89

Which of the following can be considered part of the first line of defense against pathogenic organisms?

Back 89

Skin AND tears

Front 90

When ___ is/are produced my mast cells, ___ blood cells leak out of capillaries and migrate into the surrounding tissue?

Back 90

Histamine, white

Front 91

___ works by binding to the antigens of pathogens making them more likely to be removed by white cells

Back 91

Antibodies

Front 92

TRUE or FALSE: B memory cells are not important in long term immunity since their life span is only 6-8 months

Back 92

FALSE

Front 93

T cells are important to the immune response because they ___

Back 93

Aid B cells in the antibody response AND form cytotoxic cells that kill pathogens

Front 94

AIDS detroys the immune response since early targets of the virus are ___ cells

Back 94

T helper

Front 95

The most recent studies indicate that a 32-base deletion in the CCR5 gene leads to an immunity to ___ but not to bubonic plagues as earlier thought

Back 95

HIV and smallpox

Front 96

TRUE or FALSE: T cells mature in the thymus

Back 96

TRUE

Front 97

TRUE or FALSE: Most insulin and human growth hormone sold in the US is the product of recombinant DNA technology

Back 97

TRUE

Front 98

Which of the following recombinant plants are in use today?

Back 98

B-carotene containing rice AND insect resistant corn

Front 99

TRUE or FALSE: The genes for herbicide resistance have been engineered into cotton plants

Back 99

True

Front 100

Which of the following enzymes is/are used in the production of recombinant DNA?

Back 100

Restriction enzymes AND ligase

Front 101

The first required newborn screening test for a genetic disease was for

Back 101

Phenylketonuria

Front 102

Carrier screening for ___ is currently available in the US

Back 102

Sickle cell disease AND cystic fibrosis

Front 103

Gene therapy has been most successful in curing defects that are only expressed in ___ cells

Back 103

Blood/ bone marrow

Front 104

TRUE or FALSE: When using viruses as the vector for inserting DNA, sometimes the virus can induce cancers like leukemia

Back 104

TRUE

Front 105

Infertility in humans is defined as the inability to conceive a child after ___ of frequent intercourse without contraceptives

Back 105

One year

Front 106

Which of the following are likely to improve the results of IVF?

Back 106

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection AND preimplantation testing the of the embryo

Front 107

Which of the following can be frozen and thawed more successfully

Back 107

Sperm

Front 108

Preimplantation diagnosis is usually done on a cell removed from a ___ embryo

Back 108

8-cell

Front 109

TRUE or FALSE: The vast majority of errors made during DNA replication are corrected by repair enzymes

Back 109

TRUE

Front 110

When observing metaphase chromosomes, ___ stained areas are made up of ___ which contains active protein coding genes

Back 110

Lightly, euchromatin

Front 111

Which of the following sex chromosome triploidies is/are phenotypically female and has/have only minor effects on phenotype?

Back 111

XXX

Front 112

Which of the following has genitalia, but is usually sterile and suffers from some mental retardation?

Back 112

XXY

Front 113

Monosomy of chromosome ___ is the only monosomy that is viable

Back 113

X

Front 114

Which of the following autosomal triploidies is likely to survive to adulthood?

Back 114

21 (Down)

Front 115

TRUE or FALSE: Natural selection can affect the allele frequencies of a population

Back 115

TRUE

Front 116

If the frequency of the recessive sickle cell allele is 0.1 in a population, what is the frequency of individuals with sickle cell disease?

Back 116

0.01

Front 117

If the frequency of individuals with cystic fibrosis (homozygous recessive) is 1/1,000,000 (0.000001), what is the appx frequencies of carriers (heterozygous) in the population?

Back 117

0.002

Front 118

The differences in DNA fragments between individuals that is seen in DNA profiling (fingerprinting) are mostly from ___

Back 118

Changes in the number of repeats in noncoding regions of DNA

Front 119

When the same condition can be caused by alleles of two or more different genes, the condition is said to show ___

Back 119

Genetic heterogeneity

Front 120

Males are XY in ___

Back 120

Mammals

Front 121

TRUE or FALSE: In bees and wasps, males are diploid and females are haploid

Back 121

False

Front 122

TRUE or FALSE: In humans, X-linked genes are only expressed in males

Back 122

FALSE

Front 123

If a female heterozygous for colorblindness mates with a normal male the expected results are ___

Back 123

Girls normal, 1/2 boys normal, 1/2 boys colorblind

Front 124

Which of the following matings can produce colorblind daughters?

Back 124

X+Xc x XcY AND XcXc x XcY

Front 125

Which X-linked defect was seen in one of Queen Victoria's sons and later appeared in other European royal houses?

Back 125

Hemophilia

Front 126

TRUE or FALSE: In adult females, only one X chromosome is active in each cell

Back 126

True

Front 127

In cats, ___ can show both black and orange hair on the same individual

Back 127

Normal females

Front 128

In humans, pattern baldness is ___

Back 128

Dominant in males, recessive in females

Front 129

___ may be explained by genetic imprinting, a process in which a gene on the chromosome inherited from one of the parents is ___

Back 129

Incomplete penetrance, turned off

Front 130

Sickle cell disease is caused by a defect in what protein?

Back 130

Hemoglobin