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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy
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comparing visible characteristics
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Cladistics
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comparing genetic diffrencs
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Two types of scientific Inquiry
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Hypothesis testing and Discovery Science
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Hypothesis Testing and deductive reasoning
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experimental
deductive reasoning goes from general to specific |
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Discovery science and Inductive reasoning
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discriptive
inductive reasoning goes from specific to general |
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qualitative
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observed
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quantitative
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measured
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Scientific method includes:
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observation/question
Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion |
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Can past events be tested
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no
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Theory
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is an idea/explanation that
has been tested extensively, and still has not produced evidence to reject it |
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Evolution
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decent with modification
change due to surroundings |
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Natural selection
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the adaptive changes in evolution that organisms make to survive in their environment
created by Charles Darwin |
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micro evolution
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Mutation and gene
frequency within a population think of Pepper moths |
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macro evolution
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think of squirells
Development of new species Typically has some type of isolation between groups |
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three types of domain
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archea
bacteria eukarea |
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Archae
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found in extreme enviroments: known as extremophills
has prokaryotes(before nucleus) |
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Bacteria
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has prokaryotes
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Eukarya
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has Eukaryotes or organisms with a nucleus
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Living organisms have
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reproduction
organization responds to the enviroment adaption aquires material and energy |
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Organization
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The cell is the most basic unit of life
Similar cells together form tissues Similar tissues together form organs Organs work together in organ systems Organ systems form the “body” |
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Adaption
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genetic or behavioral modifications that make
an organism better suited for its environment |
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Reproduction can be
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sexual or asexual
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Matter
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what all living things are made up of
takes up space and has mass |
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Elements
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matter is made up of elements which cant be broken down into smaller substances
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Atoms are made of
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protons
electrons nuetrons |
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nucleus
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where the protons and nuetrons are kept
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electrons
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found in orbitals around nucleus
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atomic number
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number of protons
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atomic mass
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average weight of protons and nuetrons
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essential elements
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oxygen
hydrogen nitrogen carbon |
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isotopes
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atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers
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cations
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positively charged ions because more proton then electrons
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anion
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negatively charged ions more electrons then protons
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compound
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combo of two or more elements
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three types of bonds
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covelant
ionic hyrdogen |
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covelant bond
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when elements share a pair of electrons
strongest bond |
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ionic bond
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when elements take or give electrons
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hydrogen bond
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n a hydrogen atom that is already covalently
bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom weakest bond happens between polar molecules |
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reduction reaction
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addition of electrons
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oxidation reaction
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the removal of electrons
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redox reaction
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when one compound is oxidized and the other is reduced
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what is special about water
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high temperature
hydrogen bonding polar high heat of evaporation less dense as a solid good solvant |
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hydrogen bonded molecules can
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adhesion-stick to surfaces
cohesion-stick to eachother expands when becoming solid |
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things that dissolve in water can be either
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hydrophobic or hydrophillic
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base
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things that release hydroxide ions in water
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acid
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things that release protons in water
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buffer
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accepts and releases protons to keep the pH stable
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macromolecule
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small compounds built to form a larger compound
known as a polymer which is made of many monomers |
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Four main organic molecules
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carbohydrates
lipids protiens nucleic acid |
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lipids
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oligemers because they are limited in size
hydrophobic |
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three forms of lipids
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fatty acids
triglycerides phospholipids |
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protiens have monomers called
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amino acids
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Denaturation
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is a change in the shape of a
protein, usually causing loss of function • caused by changes in the protein’s environment |
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nucleaic acids are polymers of
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nucleotides
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where is DNA found
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in the double helix where it is packaged into genes
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two types of polimer assembly
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dehydration and hydrosis
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cells were discovered by
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robert hooke 1665
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cell theory
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All organisms are composed of cells
Cells are the smallest living things Cells arise only from pre-existing cells |
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prokaryote
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simple structure
no nucleus one compartment |
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eukaryote
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many compartments
very complex |
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cell factionation
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when cells are run through a centerfuge to get different part of the cells out
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Plant cells have
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chloroplast
cell walls central vacule |
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eukaryotes have
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cell membranes
all organelles have their own membranes so they can do their own thing without impacting others |
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cytoplasm
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everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus
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nucleus
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the brain where the DNA is stored
DNA has no way to get out because it is surrounded by a double membrane nuclear pore communicates with the rest of the cell |
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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smooth Er lacks ribosomes
rough Er has ribosomes makes proteins and lipids and modify them |
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ribosomes
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made of protien and RNA these read RNA to create protien
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golgi apparatus
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packs and ships molecules before sending them to the final destination
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Lysosomes
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the stomache
digests food and gets rid of old organells only in animals |
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chloroplasts
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photosynthesis hapens here
double outter membrane contains some DNA |
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thylakoid
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folded inner membrane where chlorophil is stored
stack of these is a granium |
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Stroma
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space between the thylakoid and the outter membrane
like the fluid |
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mitochondria
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breaks down sugar into chemcal energy
has double membrane contains DNA found in plants and animals more surface area and energy are made by the folds |
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central vacuole
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contains most of the cells water and is responsible for turgidity of plant
surrounded by membrane called tonoplast largest organelle waste and water is stored here |
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tonoplast
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the membrane that surrounds the central vacuole
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peroxisomes
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in all eukareyots
breaks down fat and detoxifies radicals by removing hydrogen and creating hydrogen peroxide |
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radicals
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atoms with one or more electron
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cytoskeleton
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network of protien fibers throughout the cell and it helps maintain cells structure
plants have much more of a cytoskeleton |
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three types of cytoskeleton
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microfilaments
microtubules intermediat filaments |
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microfilaments
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thinest
have actin which is a protien involved in muscle contraction |
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microtubules
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thickest
is used for cellular support and tracks for organell and vesicle movement |
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intermediate filaments
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made of keratin which is a fiborous structural protein
maintains cell shape and makes permanent structures |
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cell wall
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made of cellulose
suports the plant and is combined with the water in the vacuole molecules can travel into the plants cell wall without going through the membrane wastes and and toxins can build along the wall |
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extra cellular matrix
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made of glycoprotiens
found in animals supports and anchors the cell can signal between cells |
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plant communication for plants occurs through
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plasmodesmata which is when the membrane is connected to holes in the cell wall
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animal cell communication happens through three different points
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tight junctions
desmosomes gap junctions |
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tight junctions
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holds cells together no fluid transport
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desmosomes
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fluid trans possible and also holds cells togther
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gap junctions
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cytoplasmic connections
molecular trans like plasmodesta |
