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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the seven characteristics of all animals?
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Feeding, movement, respiration, excretion, circulation, reproduction, and response
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What is the early embryotic stages?
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Morula (sold ball stage) to blastula (hollow fluid-filled ball stage) to gastula (developement of priminitive digestive tract and tissue layers)
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What are the two different symmetries?
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Bilateral (a body plan where a single imaginary line can divide the body into 2 equal halves, anthropods, workms, and chordates) and Radial symmetry (a body plan where body parts repeat around the center of the body, sea anemones and sea stars)
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What is segmentation?
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It is when the body is in segments like an Arthropoda
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What is cephalization?
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It is the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body.
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What is a deuterosome?
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An animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore of a blastula (ex. echinoderms and all vertebrates)
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What is a protostome?
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An animal whose mouth is formed from its blastopore (ex. most invertebrates except echinoderms)
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What is a blastula?
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It is a hollow ball of cells.
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How does early development form?
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2-cell stage---> 16-cell stage-----> blastula --->the either protostome or deuterostome
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What are the three germ layers?
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The endoderm (innermost), the mesoderm (middle), and the ectoderm (outermost)
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What does the endoderm develop?
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the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system.
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What does the mesoderm develop?
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It gives rise to muscles and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory organ systems.
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What does the ectoderm develop?
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It gives rise to sense organs, nerves, and the out layer of the skin.
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What is the phylum Porifera?
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It is sponges with pores all over their bodies.
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What is the body plan of the porifera?
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They have no front, back, right, or left sides. Their body forms a wall around a central cavity wher water is circulated continually. The movement of water through the sponge provides a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion.
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How does porifera feed?
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It is a filter feeder that sifts microscopic food particles from the water. Digestion is intracellular (takes place inside the cells)
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How does the porifera's Respiration, circulation, and excretion work?
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It relies on the movement of water throughout their body to cary out these functions.
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How does the porifera's response system work?
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It does not has a nervous system but has toxins that make them nasty to taste or poisonous, to ward off predators.
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How does the porifera move?
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Larva at the beginning of their life cylce are carried by currents before they settle to the sea floor where they don't move ever again.
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How does a porifera reproduce?
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It produces both sexually with internam fertilization or asexually.
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What is an example of a porifera?
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A sponge.
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What is a Cnidaria?
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A soft-bodied carnivorous animal that has stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their mouths.
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What is the body plan of the cnidaria?
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They are radially symmetrical and have 2 stages in their life cycle, polyp (cylindrical body w/ armlike tentacles and mouth points upwards) and medusa(motile, bell-shaped body with the mouth on the bottom)
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How does the cnidaria feed>
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They paralyze their prey and pull it through their mouth and into a gastrovascular cavity (a digestive chamber)
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How the the cnidaria's respiratory, circulation, and excretion work?
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After digestion in the cellsm nutrients are transported throughout the body by diffusion. They respire and eliminate wastes of cellular metabolism by diffusion through their body walls.
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How does the cnidaria's response system work?
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They gather info from their environment using specialized sensory cells. They also have a nerve net (a loosely organized network of nerve cells to detect stimuli) and sensory cells to determine the direction of gravity. They have eyspots made of cells that detect light.
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How does a cnidaria move?
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Some have a hydrostatic skeleton made of circular muscle that work with water in the gastrovascular cavity, allow them to move. Medusas move by jet propulsion from muscles contracting and the bell-shaped body to close like an umbrella.
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How does a cnidaria reproduce?
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They produce sexually by external fertilization and asexually (like a polyp who does so by budding)
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What are some examples of a cnidaria?
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Jellyfish, hydrasm sea anemones and corals.
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What is a platyhelminthes?
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A soft, flattened worm that has tissues and an internal organ system. They also have three embryonic germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and cephalization.
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What is the body plan of the platyhelminthes?
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They do not have a coelom (a fluid-filled body cavity that is lined with tissue derived from mesoderm) They are also thin and most of their cells are close to the external enviroment, which allows materials to easily pass in and out of their body.
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How does the platyhelminthes feed?
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It is a carnivore on timy aquatic animals or a scavenger that feeds on recently dead animals. They also have a digestive tract with a mouth and a pharynx that pumps food into the gut.
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How does respiration, circulation, and excretion occur in the platyhelminthes?
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It does not need a circulatory system to transport materials and relies on diffusion to transport oxygen and nutrients to their internal organs and to remove waste and carbon dioxide.
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What is a platyhelminthes response system work?
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It that a head that has a ganglia (a group of nerve cells) and cells that detect changes in light.
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How does a platyhelminthes move?
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It has cilia on epidermal cells that glide thorugh waterm muscle cells allow them to twist and turn.
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How does a platyhelminthes reproduce?
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They are a hermaphrodite, but in free-living worms they also reproduce asexually by fission.
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What are some examples of platyhelminthes?
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All are flatworms, but there are turbellarians, flukes, and tape worms.
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What is a nematoda?
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A slender worm that is un-segmented and grows to great lengths (roundworm) The have pseudocoeloms and has a digestive system with a mouth and an anus.
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What the a nematoda's body plan?
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It has specialized tissues and organ systems that carry out essential body functions. Free-living round worms are more complex than parasitic forms.
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How does a nematoda feed?
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Most are predators that use grasping mouthparts and spines to catch and eat small animals.
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How does a nematoda's respiration, circulation, and excretion work?
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It exchanges gases and excretes metabolic waste through their body walls. They have no internal trasport system so they depend on diffusion to carry nutrients and waste through their bodies.
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How does a nematoda's response system work?
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It has a simple nervous system with ganglia that transmits sensory info and controls movement?
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How does a nematoda move?
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It has muscles that extend the length of their bodies and functions as a hydrostatic skeletin with the use of fluid in the pseudocoelom.
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How does a nematoda reproduce?
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It reproduces sexually using internall fertilization.
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What are some examples of nematodas?
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They are all round worms, but some are trichinosis-causing worms, filarial worms, and ascarid worms, and hookworms.
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What is an annelida?
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They are worms with segmented bodies and have a true coelom that is lined with tissue from the mesoderm. They also have an interior wall called a septa, and have a ring-like structure.
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What is an annelids body plan?
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It has a complex organ system with a segmented body plan.
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How does an annelid feed?
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It ranges from filter feeders to predators, but many get their food using a pharynx.
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How does an annelids circulation, respiratory, and excretion work?
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It has a closed circulatory system in which blood is contained withing a network of blood vessels. Aquatic ones use gills to breathe but land ones take in oxygen and give of carbon dioxide through their moist skin. They produce digestive waste that passes through the anus and cellular wast with nitrogen mthat is eliminated by filter-fluid organs in the coelom.
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How does an annelid's response system work?
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Most have a well-developed nervous system with a brain and many nerve cords. Free-living annelids have the best developed sense organs.
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How does an annelid move?
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It has two major groups of body muscles that function as part of a hydrostatic skeleton that contract.
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How does an annelid reproduce?
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Some reproduce sexually using external fertilization, while others are hermaphrodites.
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What are some examples of annelids?
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Oligochaetes, leeches, and polychaetes.
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What are Mollusca's?
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They are soft-bodied animals that usually have an internal or external shell.
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What is the body plan for a mollusk?
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They four parts: a foot, a mantle, a shell, and a visceral mask.
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How does a mollusk feed?
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They can be herbivores, carnivors, filter feeders, detritivores, or parasites.
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How does a mollusca's respiration, circulation, and excretion work?
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Aquatic mollusks use gills inside their mantle cavity, while land mollusks respire using a mantle cavity that is lined with blood vesssels. Oxygen and nutrients are carried using their open circulatory system (blood is pumped through vessels by a simple heart). Mollusk's cells realease nitrogen-containing waste in the form of ammonia which is released into the blood.It is then removed by the nephridia outside of the body.
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How does the mollusca's response system work?
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The complexity of the nervous system and the ability to respond to environmental conditions vary greatly among mollusks. Clams have a simple nervous system with ganglia near the mouth and few nerve cords. Octopi and relatives have the highest developed nervous system of all invertebrates and are capable of complex behavior.
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How does a mollusk move?
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Mollusks move in many different ways. Snails secrete mucus along the base of the foot and then move over surfaces using a rippling motion. Octopus use a form a jet propulsion from drawing water into the mantle cavity and the forces the water out into the opposite direction through a siphon.
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How does a mollusk reproduce?
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Some reproduce sexually using external fertilization and some mollusks are hermaphrodites.
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What are some examples of mollusks?
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Snails, Octopus, Squids, and slugs
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What are anthropods?
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Animals that have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.
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What is the anthropods body plan?
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They have a complex organ system to carry out different essential functions.
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How do the anthropods feed?
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They include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Some are bloodsuckers, filter feeders, dtritivores, and parasites.
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How does an anthropod's circulation, respiritory, and excretory work?
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They have tracheal tubes throughout the body and spiracles that allows air to enter and leave the tubes. They have layers of respiratory tissue called a book lung. They have an open circulatory system with hearts and blood vessels. Most dispose of nitrogenous waste using Malpighian tubules (saclike organs) that extract waste from blood and and them to feces and move them through the gut.
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How does the anthropods response system work?
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They have a well developed nervous system with a brain. The brain serves as a central switchboard and receives incoming info and send instructions to muscles. They also have a nerve cord and serveral groups of nerve cells.
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How does an arthropod move?
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They move using well-developed groups of muscles that are coordinated and controlled by the nervous system. The muscles are made up of muscle cells taht can contract when stimulated by nerves.
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How does arthropods reproduce?
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They reproduce sexually with internal fetilization. Aquatic arthropods reproduce using both internal and external fertilization.
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What are some examples of Arthropods?
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Crustaceans, spiders, ticks, and insects.
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What are echinodermata's?
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Animals with spiny skin, an internal skeleton, a water vascular system and suction cuplike structures called tube feet. Most adult echinoderms have a five-part radial symmetry.
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What is the body plan of Echinoderms?
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They have a system of internal tubes called a water vascular system. They are filled with fluid and carry out many of the essential body functions. They also have five radial canals with hundreds of tube foot much like a suction cup.
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How do Echinoderms feed?
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They have many ways of feeding. Sea urchins use a jawlike structure to scrape algae from rocks. Sea lilies use tube feet to capture floating plankton. The sea star feed on clams and mussels and it pushes it's stomach into their shell and pours out enzymes and digests the mollusks in its own shell.
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How does the Echinoderms work its respiration, circulation, and excretion?
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They use the water vascual system but also most use thin-walled tissue of the tube fee to provide the main surface for respiration. Circulation of needed materials and wastes takes place throughout the water vascular system. Their digestive wastes are releaed as feces through the anus while the nitrogen-containing wastes are excreted in the form of ammonia.
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How do echinoderms move?
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Most move using their tubed feet but it is determined in part by the structure of its endoskeleton.
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How does an echinoderm reproduce?
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They reproduce by external fertilization.
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What are some examples of echinoderms?
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Sea Urchins, sand dollars, sea stas, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
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What is a coelom?
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A fluid-filled cavity lined with mesoderm.
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What is the function of a squid's fin?
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It is used to the the squid move around.
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What is the function of the squid's chromatophores?
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To blend in to avoid predators and to get a mate.
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What is the function of the squid's eyes?
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it gives the squid 180 degree vision.
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What is the function of the squid's arms and tentacles?
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It passes food to the mouth and it helps the squid capture prey.
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What is the function of the squid's suction cups?
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It keeps a grasp on the squids food.
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What is the function of the squid's pen?
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It supports the squid's mantle and serves as a place for muscle attachments.
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What is the function of the squid's mantle?
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It covers and protects the squid's body.
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What is the function of the squid's gonad?
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It is used to produce the squid's gametes.
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What is the function of the squid's heart?
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To pump blood to the gills and to pump blood to the rest of the body (a squid has three hearts)/
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What is the function of the squid's gills?
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To help the squid breathe underwater.
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What is the function of the squid's inc sac?
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To discharge ink when it is needed.
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What is the function of the squid's siphon?
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It helps the squid filter feed, to produce oxygen, and to help it move in the water.
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