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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are restriction enzymes used?
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They are used to cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence.
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Where do restriction enzymes come from and how are they named?
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They are found in bacteria and are named after the species in which the restriction enzyme was found.
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Why are restriction enzymes used?
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They are used by the gene for human insulin or human growth hormone by placing it into a bacterial plasmid.
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How is a sticky end different then a blunt end?
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A sticky end cut is used when one DNA fragment is combined with another DNA fragment to make a recombinant DNA. Blunt endcuts are used to isolate a fragment of DNA and to cut DNA into pieces for DNA fingerprinting.
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What is a palindrome?
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it is a sequence cut that has the same letters forward and backwards.
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Why is DNA fingerprinting used?
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To determine if there is a relationship between two people, to identify organisms causing a disease, and to solve crimes.
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How does DNA fingerprinting work?
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It is to evaluate the DNA in a person's cell.
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What is Gel electrophoresis?
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A mixture of DNA fragments that is placede at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel.
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What is the charge of DNA?
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Negative
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How does DNA travel differently from the dyes?
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The DNA travels in the opposite direction of the dyes.
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What is the function of the comb in DNA fingerprintype of the base thting?
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To create wells in the gel.
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What is the role of the buffer solution in DNA fingerprinting?
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To force the gel into the wells.
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How do fragments of various sizes travel through the gel?
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The smaller the fragment the faster it travels.
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What is the difference of the dideoxynucleotides?
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It does not have an OH group at the 3' end, which prevents any nucleotides from binding to it. Also each of the four sequencing reactions has a different dideoxynucletide.
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What is the role of the dideoxynucleotides?
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Elongation of the strand continues until a dideoxynucleotide is reached. This causes fragments of various sizes or lengths to be produced.
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How is the Sanger Method different from the method used today in sequencing labs?
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Modern sequencing has all four bases in the same reaction tube. Each dideoxynucleotide has a fluorescent dye which is read by a laser using wavelengths which identifies the type of the base that ends the strands.
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How many base pairs are in the human genome?
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3 million base pairs.
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How many genes are in the human genome?
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Betwenn 20,000 and 25,000 genes.
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What are some uses for the knowledge from the Human Genome Project?
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Use of molecular medicine to improve the diagnosis of diseases. Use of microbial genomics research to create new energy sources. Reduce the likelihood of heritable mutations.
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What is the purpose of PCR?
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To analyze short sequences of DNA.
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What is the first step of PCR?
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1) [Denaturation at about 94 c] The double strand melts and seperates into single stranded DNA molecules.
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What is the second step of PCR?
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2) [Annealing at about 54 c] The primers bind to the single strand created in the previous PCR step.
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What is the third step of PCR?
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3) [Extension at about 72 c] The DNA polymerase adds nucleotides from 5' to 3', reading the template from 3' to 5' side, to make two double stranded molecules.
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How does temperature change throughout the steps of PCR?
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1) 94 celsius
2) 54 celsius 3) 72 celsius |
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What are primers and what are their roles (PCR)?
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They are short single-stranded DNA sequences that are synthesized to correspond to the beginning and ending of the DNA stretch to be copied
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What are other materials required to do the reaction (PCR)?
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DNA molecule, 2 primers, and a polymerase enzyme.
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Why is PCR commonly done before sequencing of DNA?
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Because it gives you results much quicker and is usually essential.
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What is Selective Breeding?
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Allowing only those animals with a desired characteristics to produce the next generation.
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What is Hybridization?
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Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
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What is Inbreeding?
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The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
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What is Genetic Engineering?
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Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism.
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What are Restriction Enzymes?
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An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
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What is Gel Electrophoresis?
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A mixture of DNA fragments that is placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel.
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What is Recombinant DNA?
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They are the DNA molecules that are reproduced by combining DNA from different sources.
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What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
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A technique that allows biologists to make copies of a particular gene.
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What is Plasmid?
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A circular DNA molecule that is found naturally in some bacteria and is very useful for DNA transfer.
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What is a Genetic Marker?
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A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don't.
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What is Transgenic?
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Organisms that contain genes from other species.
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What is a Clone?
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A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.
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