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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sarcomeres
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are a unit of contracting filaments
Z lines mark ends of sarcomere |
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Two myofilaments
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Actin -
Myosin - |
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Actin
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- thin filaments, provides a “ladder” of handholds
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Myosin
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- thick filaments, climbs through actin ladder
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Sliding filament model
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muscles pull along the “rope” direction
What happens when the muscle contracts. |
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tendons
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are stringy, do not tear easily
Springiness provides some force, muscle does the rest may be in a pouch, called bursa |
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Function of muscle
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Movement and Heat Production
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Movement
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Contractile
Tension Posture or muscle tone Tonic contraction distributes weight evenly, keeps body in even position = posture |
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Heat production
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Muscles give off heat as they work
Shivering activity fights hypothermia |
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motor unit
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is the combination of a motor neuron with the muscle cell or cells it innervates
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neuromuscular junction
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is the specialized point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber it innervates
"Nerve control of muscle" |
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Prime mover
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mainly responsible for producing a given movement
Ex. Biceps |
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Synergist
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help the prime mover produce a given movement
ex. Triceps |
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Antagonist
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- actions oppose the action of a prime mover in any given movement
ex. |
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Isotonic contractions
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Contraction of a muscle that produces movement at a joint
Muscle changes length, causing the insertion end of the muscle to move relative to the point of origin Most types of body movements such as walking and running are caused by isotonic contractions |
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Isometric contractions
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Contractions that do not produce movement
Muscle as a whole does not shorten Although no movement occurs during isometric contractions, tension within the muscle increases |
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Paralysis
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is the term given muscle that is unable to act
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Fatigue
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the term given muscle that cannot act from exhaustion
muscle not getting enough oxygen |
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Strength training
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Greater increase in size, but not efficiency
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Endurance training
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More mitochondria, more blood vessels
Lean, stringy muscle |
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hypertrophy
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The use of the muscle - leads to growth
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atrophy
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This happens with the disuse of muscle tissues
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frontal
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forehead, controls eyebrows and their expression
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orbicularis oris
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(lips, called the kissing muscle)
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zygomaticus
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lip corners, called the smiling muscle
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Facial expression
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frontal (forehead, controls eyebrows and their expression)
orbicularis oris (lips, called the kissing muscle) zygomaticus (lip corners, called the smiling muscle) |
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Mastication
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CHEWING
masseter (lifts the mandible from the bottom) temporalis (lifts the mandible from the top) |
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2 major Muscles in the Neck
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sternocleidomastoid
trapezius |
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trapezius
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lifts the shoulders, pulls scapulae together
Big Muscle - |
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sternocleidomastoid
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flexes the head
-long muscle - originates from the sternum and clavicle |
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Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi
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“Pecs” and “Lats”, ventral and dorsal arm control
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Deltoid
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shoulder hump, abductor muscles
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Biceps brachii
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2 heads, inserts into radius
brachii means arms |
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Triceps brachii
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3 heads, inserts into ulna
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3 layers of anterolateral muscle (Side)
TRUNK |
External oblique (outer)
Internal oblique (middle) Transversus abdominis (inner) |
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Rectus abdominis- 6 Pack
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belly Button is in between
down the midline Thorax to pubis Thorax to pubis Provides protection as well as flexes the spine |
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Intercostal muscles
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between ribs
“rib meat” 3 layers - help lungs move |
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Diaphragm
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Separates thoracic and abdominal cavity
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Respiratory muscles
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Large role in changing chest cavity volume
1. Intercostal muscles 2. Diaphragm |
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Lower extremities
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Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius Hamstring muscles |
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Hamstring muscles
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Ischium > tibia or fibula
Flex the knee |
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Gluteus medius
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Ilium > femur
Abducts thigh |
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Gluteus maximus
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Extends thigh
Supports torso in erect position Pelvis > femur |
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Upper leg, anterior
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Quadriceps femoris
Adductor longus, Gracilis Sartorius |
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Quadriceps femoris
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Extend knee (lower leg)
Opposite of the Hamstring 4 muscle group upper leg (femur and pelvis) > tibia |
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3 Kinds of Hamstrings
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Semimembranosus
semitendinosus, biceps femoris |
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Adductor longus, Gracilis
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Pubis > femur, tibia
Press thighs together (inside of the leg) |
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Sartorius
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Ilium > Tibia
Weak Muscle Press thighs together |
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Gastrocnemius, Soleus
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deep muscle
Plantar flexes foot Calf muscles Femur > heel (calcaneus) Attaches with calcaneal tendon |
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Peroneus group
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Fibularis longus, Fibularis brevis
Plantar flexing Outside of the leg > foot |
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Tibialis anterior
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Anterior of leg,
In front of the leg dorsiflexes foot Sheen splints |
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3 Muscles
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Skeletal
Smooth Cardic |
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Skeletal Muscle
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move the body
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Smooth Muscle
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intestines, glands
Involuntary |
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flexion
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bending joints
reducing the angle of a joint, as in bending the elbow |
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extensions
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straightening out joints
Increasing the angle of a joint elbow, knee joints |
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trapezium
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saddle joint in the body
carpal bone of the wrist |
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articular cartilage
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over joint ends of the bone. acts like a rubber heel on a shoe
ABSORBS JOLTS |
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3 types of joints
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synarthroses - no movement
amphirarthroses - slight movement diarthroses - free movement |
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amphiarthrosis
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joint in which the cartilage connects to the articulating bone
slightly mobile Two main examples Symphysis pubis Intervertebral discs |
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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A.Supports and gives shape to the body
B. Protects internal organs C. Helps make movements possible D. Stores calcium E. Hematopoies |
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Hematopoies
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used to describe the process of blood formation
The process of blood cell formation. This occurs in the RED bone marrow. |
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red bone marrow
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soft connective tissue inside the hard walls of some bones
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Calcium Storage
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Bones are vital for calcium homeostasis. Calcium is essential for normal nerve and muscle function
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Diaphysis
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shaft
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Medullary cavity
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contains YELLOW bone marrow (inactive fat)
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Epiphyses
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ends of the bone; spongy bone contains RED bone marrow
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Periosteum
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strong membrane covering bone except at joint surfaces
outer shell of the bone |
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Endosteum
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lines medullary cavity
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osteon
(dense bone) |
The structural unit of compact bone
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Canaliculi
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(little canals) connect all the lacunae in an osteon so all the cells communicate with each other.
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Axial Skeleton
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Head and spine
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Appendicular Skeleton
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arms and legs
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scapula
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shoulder blade
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clavicle
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collar bone
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pectoral girdle
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shoulders
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4 curvatures in adult
spine: |
Cervical,
Thoracic, Lumbar, Pelvic |
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ntervertebral discs
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shock absorption
Between vertebrae |
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how many bones are there?
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206
126 are contained in the appendicular subdivision |
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sternum
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breast bone , shaped like a dagger
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Vertebral Column
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cervical vertebrae (7)
thoracic vertebrae (12) lumbar vertebrae (5) |
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humerous
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long bone on the arm and 2nd longest bone of the body
only bone in the arm |
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metacarpals
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form framework of palm of the hand
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pelvic girdle
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connect the legs to the trunk
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coxal
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pelvic bone
consist of - ilium ischium pubis |
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femur
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only bone in the thigh
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patella
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knee cap
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tibia
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shinbone
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fibula
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outer or lateral border of the lower leg
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phalanges
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toe and finger bones
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calcaneus
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largest tarsal bone
heel bone |
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tarsal
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foot bones
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arthro
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(greek word for joint)
Joints connect bone to bone |
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hyoid
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is a bone in the neck, and is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any other bone.
Supports the root of the tongue |
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Synarthroses
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Uses fibrous connective tissue
No movement Two main examples Coxal Skull |
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Symphysis pubis
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The area in the front of the pelvis where the pubic bones (the two bones of the pubis) meet.
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Intervertebral discs
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lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine.
Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together. |
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Diarthroses
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Uses fibrous connective tissue AND cartilage
Articular cartilage on the ends of the bones |
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Articular cartilage
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prevents grinding
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Ligaments
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Fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones to form joints
Some ligaments limit the mobility of articulations, or prevent certain movements altogether. Ligaments are only elastic; when under tension, they gradually lengthen |
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tendons
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bind muscle to bone
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Ball-and-socket
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Shoulder, hip
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Hinge
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elbow, knee
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Pivot
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neck
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Saddle
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ex. thumb
up and down movement |
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Condyloid
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ex. wrist
permits flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction, but no axial rotation. |
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Circumduction
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Moving the distal end in a circle
as in moving the arm in a circle and thus circumducting the shoulder joint |
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Rotation
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to rotate joint
spins one bone relative to another, as in rotating the head at the neck joint |
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abduction
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increases the angle of a joint to move a part away from the midline
as in moving the arm to the side and way from the body |
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adduction
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decreases the angle of a joint to move apart toward the midline
as in moving the arm in and down from the side |
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Supination
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hand position with the palm turned to the anterior position
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Pronation
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palm faces posteriorly
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Dorsiflexion
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elevation of the dorsum or top of the foot
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Plantar flexion
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the bottom of the foot is directed downward
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CRANIAL BONES
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a. Frontal (1)
b. Parietal (2) c. Temporal (2) d. Occipital (1) 1. Foramen Magnum – spinal cord exits here |
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FACIAL BONES
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a. Nasal (2)
b. Maxilla (2) c. Mandible (1) d. Zygomatic (2) |
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Curvatures – In the adult spine there are 4 curvatures: |
a. Cervical – in neck region
b. Thoracic – in chest region c. Lumbar – in lower back region d. Pelvic – lowermost portion |
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Types of Vertebrae
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a. cervical vertebrae (7) – in the neck
1. Atlas = first cervical vertebra 2. Axis = second cervical vertebra b. thoracic vertebrae (12) – in the chest, ribs attach to them c. lumbar vertebrae (5) – in the small of the back d. sacrum – 5 fused vertebrae e. coccyx = tailbone. 4 fused vertebrae |
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Parts of a Vertebra
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a. Body – large, weight bearing, projects anteriorly
b. Spinous Process – projects posteriorly, muscles attach c. Transverse Processes – project transversely d. Vertebral Foramen – spinal cord here e. Intervertebral Discs = cartilage discs between vertebrae, absorbs shock during movement f. Intervertebral Foramina – holes between vertebrae, nerves leave the spinal cord through them |
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THORAX
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1. Sternum = breastbone
2. Ribs – 12 pairs, attach to a vertebra a. True ribs = first 7 pairs, attached to sternum by a costal cartilage b. False ribs = 8th, 9th and 10th pairs. Attach to the costal cartilage og the 7th rib c. Floating ribs = last 2 pairs. Don’t attach anteriorly |
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Gliding
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least movable diarthrotic joint Ex. between vertebrae
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10 Movements Allowed By Diarthrotic Joints
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1. Flexion
2. Extension 3. Rotation 4. Circumduction 5. Abduction 6. Adduction 7. Supination 8. Pronation 9. Dorsiflexion 10. Plantar Flexion |
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What is attached to the right side of the heart?
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The superior vena cava and the pulmonary trunk are attached to the right side of the heart
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What is attached to the left side of the heart?
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The aorta and pulmonary veins are attached to the left side of the heart
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What forms the ventral surface of the heart?
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The right ventricle forms most of the ventral surface of the heart
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What forms the dorsal surface of the heart?
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the left ventricle forms most of the dorsal surface.
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Pericardium
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the covering of the heart
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visceral pericardium
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inner layer of the pericardium.
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parietal pericardium
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outer layer of the pericardium
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systole
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contraction of the heart
when the heart beats it contracts |
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diastole
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relaxation of the heart
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AV or Atrioventricular Valves
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separates the atrial chamber form the ventricles
prevents blood from backing into the atria the the ventricles contract |
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apex
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blunt point of the lower edge of the heart, lies on the diaphragm, pointing toward the left.
nurses listen to the heart sounds here |
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What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
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Atria - upper two chambers
ventricles - lower two chambers |
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atria
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RECEIVING CHAMBERS - where the blood enters the heart.
smaller than ventricles walls are thinner and less muscles |
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Ventricles
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DISCHARGING CHAMBERS - blood is pumped from the heart TO the arteries
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myo-cardium
(myo=muscle) |
cardiac muscles
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endocardium
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lines the chamber of the heart - very smooth tissue
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endocarditis
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inflamed endocardial lining - can be rough and abrasive
blood flowing over a rough surface can lead to thrombus (clotting) |
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angina pectoris
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severe chest pain that takes place when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen
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coronary arteries
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bring oxygen and nutrients to cardiac cells, which derive no benefit from blood coursing through the heart.
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Flow Through The Heart
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Superior and Inferior Vena Cava →
Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Semilunar Valve → Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries to the Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Semilunar Valve → Aorta → to the body. |
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Blood
(Functions) |
Transport gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide
Transport nutrients, hormones, wastes Regulation of pH Defense against toxins and pathogens Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites |
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Plasma
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Definition—blood minus its formed elements-- the liquid part of blood
55% of whole blood is plasma |
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RBCs (erythrocytes)
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oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
antibody production |
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albumin
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plasma protein that helps thicken and maintain blood volume
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WBCs (leukocytes)
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General function—defense
Neutrophils and monocytes carry out phagocytosis Lymphocytes produce antibodies (B-lymphocytes) or directly attack foreign cells (T-lymphocytes) Eosinophils protect against parasitic worms Basophils produce heparin, which inhibits clotting & histamine (attracts water) |
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Platelets or thrombocytes
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play an essential role in blood clotting
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globulins
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plasma protein that includes antibodies that help protect us from infections
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fibrinogen
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plasma protien that is necessary for blood clotting
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serum
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is plasma minus its clotting factors (fibrinigen)
contains antibodies |
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Polycythemia
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—abnormally high RBC count
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Type A blood
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type A self-antigens in RBCs; anti-B–type antibodies in plasma
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Type O blood
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universal donor
no type A or type B self-antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma |
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Type AB blood
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type A and type B self-antigens in RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
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Type B blood
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type B self-antigens in RBCs; anti-A–type antibodies in plasma
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Rh system
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Rh+ blood: Rh factor (protein) present in RBCs
Rh- blood: no Rh factor present in RBCs; no anti-Rh antibodies present naturally in plasma antibodies appear only if Rh+ RBCs have been introduced into their bodies |
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Erythroblastosis fetalis:
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Rh- negative mother carries a second Rh+ fetus
Caused by mother’s Rh antibodies reacting with baby’s Rh+ cells |
