Biology Test -- Evolution

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biogeography

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the study of patterns in the distribution of species

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catostrophism

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Cuvier hypothesized that evolutionary changes were from periodic natural disasters, called revolutions

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Jean Lamarck

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proposed "inheritance of acquired characteristics"-- evironmental pressures along with internal needs made changes in evolution. the giraffe thing, he was wrong about that.

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Darwin

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came up with Natural selection, influenced by his studies on the Beagle voyage, and influenced by Lyell

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Natural Selection

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individuals with certain inhereted traits survive longer and produce more offspring, and these individuals are best suited for the environment at that time

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Non random mating

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occurs when an individual CHOOSES a mate

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sexual selection

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based on any trait that gives an organsim a preferred advantage in mating and producing offspring

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geographic variation

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differences between organisms occupying different areas. See: Cline

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Cline

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a graded series of changes in some characteristics of a species, coorelated with some gradual change in an environmental factor across the geographic range. ex: ear length in wolves.

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Ecotype

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a species that occupies many different environments and appears different in each-- polymorphic (many forms)

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macroevolution

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changes that are larger, may result in the formation of a new species

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speciation

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process by which new species form

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species

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group of potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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allopatric

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pop.s that are geographically isolated

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paratric

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pop.s that lie adjacent but never interbreed

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sympatric

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no geographical isolation overlapping

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reproductive isolation

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any aspect of structure or functioning that prevents successful interbreeding

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prezygotic

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prevents a zygote from forming

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temporal barrier

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closely related species reproduce at different times, live in different habitats

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behavioral isolation

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no sexual attraction between individuals that lack proper behavior

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mechanical isolation

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the genitalia dont fit

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gamete

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egg and sperm have no recognition

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post zygotic mechanism

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prevent development of fertile adults

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hybrid inviability

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doesnt survive

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hybrid sterility

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survives but is sterile

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divergent evolution

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2 or more species evolve from a common anscestor, and become progressively different thru time

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adaptive radiation

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(rapid divergent evolution)
rapid evolutionary activity by which relatively primtive, unspecialized species produce many highly specialized species that exploit a variety of habitats

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convergent evolution

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organisms that occupy similar environments often appear similar due to environmental pressures even though they are not closely related

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parallel evolution

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when 2 or more species evolve from a commmon ancestor but remain somewhat similar thru time

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co evolution

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species evolve in such a way that changes in one cause reciprocal changes in the other

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rate of evolution: Gradualism

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evolution proceeds at a slow and steadt reate

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punctuated equillibrium

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1970s-- eldridge and gould

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extinction

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death of a species. happens when last individual dies

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background extinction

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a steady rate of species turnover-- that occurs in lineages thru time. loss-- 180-300 species lost each million years. new species evolved replacing a lot of them

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mass extinction

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abrupt increase in extinction rate, occurs over a short period of time. 5 major ones have occured

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possible cause of M.e

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earth struck by asteroid (found abundance of irridium)
habitat destruction
introduction of nonnative species. --intro of dangerous substances.
--over exploitation (too much hunting, etc)

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Origin of Life

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13.8 billion years ago--
Big Bang formed universe

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the sun

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came 9 billion years ago

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the earth fomred

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4.6 billion years ago

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mutation

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original source of alleles
micro

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gene flow

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preserves species cohesion
micro

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genetic drift

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erodes species cohesion
micrio

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microevolutionary processes

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(mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, nat. selec) stability or change is the outcome, influence by pop. size and enviro. conditions

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genetic persistance

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(macro) basis of unity of life. biochemical and molecular basis of inheritance extends from the first cells through all line of descent

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genectice divergence

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(macro) basis of life diversity, brought on by adaptive shifts, branching, radiation, rates vary within and between lineages

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genetice disconnect

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(macro)end of the line for species, mass extiction is an example

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morphological divergence

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change of body form from a common anscetor

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homologous structure

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similarities in body parts, suggesting inheritance

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morph. convergence

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dissimilar body parts evolved in similar ways in evolutionarily distant lineage

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analogus structures

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structure that are similar but have adapted independently