Biology Test Ch. 11

Front 1

Scientists thought that protein was H.M. because...

Back 1

it was made of 20aa

Front 2

Fred Griffith-1928

Back 2

experimented with mice and 2 different kinds of bacteria called Rough and Smooth.

Front 3

What did Griffiths experiment prove?

Back 3

Proved that you could turn rough bacteria could be turned into smooth bacteria; proved that there WAS a transforming principle but didn't know what it was.

Front 4

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty (1940)

Back 4

protease and DNase

(Protease: smooth cells appeared. DNase: no cells appeared)

Front 5

What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty prove?

Back 5

They proved that DNA was responsible for making strains of bacteria virulent... basically proved that DNA was the hereditary material (?)

Front 6

Hershey and Chase

Back 6

showed viruses (inside: DNA; outside: protein coat; made of protein and DNA) used radioactively labeled sulfur and phosphorus (phosphorus: found in proteins; phospherase: only found in DNA.)

Front 7

What is a Phage?

Back 7

A phage is a virus that infects bacteria.

Front 8

What letters go together is DNA replication?

Back 8

A=T; C=G

Front 9

Which ones are purines and which ones are pyrimidines.

Back 9

A and G are Purines: double ringed

T and C pyrimidines: single ringed

Front 10

Is Uracil double or single ringed?

Back 10

Single-ringed

Front 11

Who used X-Ray diffraction?

Back 11

Wilkins and Franklin

Front 12

Function of Hereditary material

Back 12

must be able to replicate and control cellular activities

Front 13

Hershey and Chase concluded...

Back 13

that the DNA, not protein, was the genetic material.

Front 14

Watson adn Crick

Back 14

described the now familiar double-helical structure

Front 15

Structure of DNA

Back 15

double helix with sugar-phosphate backbone

pyrimidine and purine pairs (hydrogen bonds) as rungs

known as complimentary base pairs

Front 16

What did the DNA structure suggest?

Back 16

suggested the mechanism for replication

Front 17

Define a histone

Back 17

146 base pairs; what DNA is wrapped around; proteins

Front 18

Nucleosome

Back 18

group of 8 histones

Front 19

DNA must unwind to function and replicate. True or False?

Back 19

True

Front 20

The phosphate of one nucleotide is bound to the sugar of the next nucleotide with what type of bond?

Back 20

Covalent Bond

Front 21

What do the hydrogen bonds between phosphates cause the DNA strand to do?

Back 21

It causes it to twist

Front 22

The nitrogenous bases point inward. Why?

Back 22

Because they are hydrophobic

Front 23

Hydrogen Bonds are weaker or stronger than covalent bonds?

Back 23

Hydrogen bonds are: weaker

Front 24

Everytime a cell divides it must replicate what?

Back 24

It's DNA

Front 25

Watson and Crick realized what?

Back 25

That the method of replication was defined by its structure - replicated using a 'template' mechanism

Front 26

What does Semi Conservative mean?

Back 26

one half of the molecule is 'conserved'

Front 27

What is the method of DNA replication?

Back 27

Semiconservative

Front 28

Helicases

Back 28

unwind the DNA- breaks hydrogen bonds

Front 29

Primase

Back 29

makes an RNA primer

Front 30

DNA polymerase

Back 30

main replicating enzyme, begins at 'origin of replication', proceeds in both directions; puts on the corresponding bases, also proofreads

Front 31

Ligases

Back 31

add the sugar-phosphate backbone

Front 32

Nucleases

Back 32

correction enzyme: removes wrong nucleotides from the daughter strand.

Front 33

Agents that damage DNA

Back 33

1. Radiation: certain wavelengths; especially UV-C rays and UV-B that penetrates the Ozone shield; causes T-T bonds

2. Environmental chemicals: hydrocarbons; EPA (reason we have)

3. Chemotherapeutic chemicals: chemotherapy of cancers.

Front 34

Repair mechanisms

Back 34

DNA polymerase and correcting enzymes

Front 35

Base Excision Repair

Back 35

specific base repair; removal of the damaged base (estimated to occur 20,000 times a day in each cell in our body) by nucleases

Front 36

100 base pairs means what?

Back 36

50 of each base

Front 37

Define Genotype

Back 37

what is in your genes

Front 38

Define Phenotype

Back 38

what you look like

Front 39

Gene

Back 39

segment of DNA-no function other than 'blueprint'

Front 40

What is the ONE-GENE, ONE-PROTEIN hypothesis?

Back 40

that there is one gene to every protene

Front 41

Chromosome

Back 41

linear strand of DNA, each organism has unique number of chromosomes; humans have 46

Front 42

DNA

Back 42

usually refers to all the genetic material in the cell; every cell in the individual contains the same DNA; every organism has same general DNA (fingerprints: human or dag-one way you can tell the difference)

Front 43

DNA is only found where?

Back 43

in the nucleus

Front 44

Proteins are only found where?

Back 44

only found in cytoplasm

Front 45

What is the communicating molecule?

Back 45

RNA. (like the embassador for the President.)

Front 46

Watson and Crick did not discover the Dogma of Biology. True or False?

Back 46

False

Front 47

What is the central dogma of biology?

Back 47

DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein

Front 48

DNA making RNA is what?

Back 48

Transcription. (Nucleotide-nucleotide; translating DNA to mRNA

Front 49

RNA making protein is what?

Back 49

Translation. (Nucleotide-amino acid.)

Front 50

Where does Transcription take place?

Back 50

Nucleus

Front 51

Where does Translation take place?

Back 51

Cytoplasm

Front 52

The 2 parts of protein synthesis is what?

Back 52

Transcription and Translation

Front 53

Structure of RNA

Back 53

single stranded, ribose, and uracil instead of thymine

Front 54

Difference between RNA and DNA

Back 54

DNA: double stranded, deoxyribose, and ATGC

RNA: single stranded, ribose, AUGC

Front 55

What are the three types of RNA

Back 55

messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA)

Front 56

messengerRNA is made where?

Back 56

in the nucleus

Front 57

what does mRNA look like?

Back 57

single strand with complimentary bases (AUGC)

Front 58

what does rRNA look like?

Back 58

blob or a clump; folded with the proteins into ribosomes; large and small subunit

Front 59

What is rRNA?

Back 59

it i a two part molecule which joins during protein synthesis; involved in translation

Front 60

What does tRNA look like?

Back 60

looks like a t. has a codon on the top and it's anti-codon on the bottom

Front 61

tRNA is the actual interpreter. True or False?

Back 61

True

Front 62

tRNA

Back 62

from nitrogenous bases to aa using the genetic code.

Front 63

The genetic code is = to what two other enzymes?

Back 63

RUBISCO and DNA polymerase

Front 64

There cannot be one base for one amino acid. True or False?

Back 64

True

Front 65

2 bases in the genetic code can only allow for how may diff possibilities?

Back 65

16.

Front 66

3 bases in the genetic code can allow for how many diff possibilities?

Back 66

64.

Front 67

Who broke the genetic code in 1964?

Back 67

Crick.

Front 68

What is a codon?

Back 68

Codon: three bases code for one amino acid.

Front 69

Where is the codons found on?

Back 69

the mRNA

Front 70

Another name for the genetic code.

Back 70

The triplet code.

Front 71

What is the Start codon.

Back 71

AUG or methinine.

Front 72

What are the 3 stop codons?

Back 72

UAA, UAG, and UGA.

Front 73

ATA to UAU would be an example of what kind of translation?

Back 73

DNA to mRNA

Front 74

Genetic Code

Back 74

#1: the genetic code is universal.

#2: the genetic code is degenerate (AKA wobble effect: more than1 codon for each aa)

Front 75

What defines the amino acid?

Back 75

1st 2 bases are always read.

Front 76

What are the 3 steps in Transcription?

Back 76

Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

Front 77

Initiation:

Back 77

DNA unwinds at specific points and RNA Polymerase binds to a special promotor region.

Front 78

Promotor region:

Back 78

specific sequence of DNA that is not transcribed but marks the beginning of the gene.

Front 79

RNA polymerase

Back 79

synthesizes mRNA using free nucleotides in the nucleus.

Front 80

Transcription resembles what kind of replication?

Back 80

DNA

Front 81

Enlongation:

Back 81

matching the bases; RNA polymerase reads the template strand.

Front 82

Termination:

Back 82

in eukaryotes: modified by adding a cap or a tail.

Front 83

3 ways that DNA can be modified.

Back 83

by adding a cap and a tail or splicing.

Front 84

What is RNA splicing?

Back 84

the introns are removed; now called mRNA

Front 85

In the nucleus, all DNA 'gene' section is transcribed - nuclear RNA

Back 85

However, when RNA splicing- introns are removed - now called mRNA

Front 86

coding strand v template strand

Back 86

Coding strand: non-template strand.

Template strand: the strand that is read.

Front 87

Translation:

Back 87

once in the cytoplasm, mRNA carrying the code for aa sequence; binds to rRNA

Front 88

What do ribosomes bind to?

Back 88

mRNA and tRNA

Front 89

Interpreter molecule (tRNA)

Back 89

20 diff types - anticodons, codons.

(codons: mRNA; anticodons: opp of codons, tRNA)

Front 90

what does rRNA attach to?

Back 90

using ATP, attaches to aa by peptide bonds making proteins.

Front 91

Initiation and Enlongation in Translation:

Back 91

intiation: tRNA - methionine

elongation: codon recognition

Front 92

Translocation:

Back 92

transfer of part of a chromosome to a diff position especially on a nonhomologous chromosome; especially: the exchange of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes.

Front 93

Translation process:

Back 93

#1: mRNA binds to rRNA

#2: tRNA brings in aa

Front 94

Which is more fatal: a frame shift or a point mutaiton and why.

Back 94

a frame shift is more fatal because it changes the whole code for the protein ( or aa?)

Front 95

Difference between activated tRNA and inactivated tRNA:

Back 95

activated tRNA: when tRNA has an amino acid.

Inactivated tRNA: when tRNA DOES NOT have an aa.

Front 96

Define mutation:

Back 96

any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Front 97

causes of mutations:

Back 97

spontaneous - errors during DNA replication.

mutagens- radiation (x-rays: causes T-T bonds)

chemicals.

Front 98

What are the two types of mutations?

Back 98

1. Point mutations: replacement of one base by another.

2. Frameshift mutations: base insertions or deletions (usually a more crippling effect)

Front 99

Point mutations:

Back 99

can result in no change: because the code is degenerate.

insignificant change or non-fatal change: insert another aa

Front 100

fatal change: stop codons

Back 100

due to the fact that the genetic code is degenerate.

Front 101

insignificant change is called a what?

Back 101

It is called a neutral mutation.

Front 102

Fatal mutation

Back 102

stop codon

Front 103

Frameshift mutation is fatal because...

Back 103

changes the whole code: shifts the way it is being read.

Front 104

cell specialization

Back 104

developmental genetics.

Front 105

Basis for Natural Selection:

Back 105

mutations (?)

Front 106

Mutations can be regulated by what?

Back 106

the environment - wheather patterns.

Front 107

What are mutations useful for?

Back 107

useful for evolution and genetic variation.

Front 108

Genes can be regulated where?

Back 108

Anywhere along the process of protein synthesis: it can occur at 1) level of transcription 2) RNA processing 3) mRNA lifetime 4) translation.

Front 109

Transcription-exons and introns

Back 109

1)mRNA longevity (how long mRNA lasts/lives): mRNA's from diff genes have their approx. lifespan encoded in them.

2) mRNA may not always be translated: complicated - found in egg cells

3) Transcription factors: cell specific.

Front 110

Gene regualtion:

Back 110

Condensed - epigenetics

Chromosome inactivation

Front 111

Translational inhibitors: Antibiotics

Back 111

Streptomycin, Erthyromycin, and Tetracycline.

Front 112

Translational inhibitors: Toxins

Back 112

Diptheria, Ricin, Cyanide (does NOT inhibit protein synthesis - mitochondria), and Botulinum (does not inhibit protein synthesis - nerve cells)

Front 113

Translational inhibitors interfere with what?

Back 113

interfere with protein synthesis.

Front 114

Epigenetics:

Back 114

epi: over and above.

epigenetics: over and above DNA

Front 115

What is epigenetics the study of?

Back 115

The study of changes in gene activity that do not involve alterations to the genetic code by still get passed down to at least one successive generation

Front 116

What does epigenetics do?

Back 116

tells the genes to turn on and off; can be caused by STRESS.

Front 117

What thing can effect epigenetics?

Back 117

the enviornment you are in can effect it.

Front 118

There is evidence that lifestyle choices like smoking and eating too much - change the epigenetic marks - causes the genes for obesity to be expressed. This causes the genes for longevity to be suppressed. True or False?

Back 118

True!

Front 119

How are epigenetic changes caused?

Back 119

usually caused by the addition of a methyl group to a gene.

Front 120

can methylated DNA be passed on from generation to generation?

Back 120

Yes! What a mother eats can affect the genes of her granddaughter!

Front 121

Epigenetics is a biological respons to an enviornmental _____.

Back 121

Stress.

Front 122

Does Epigenetics change the DNA? If no, then what does it do?

Back 122

No; it alters the DNA in response to enviornmental factors.

Front 123

What is another name for Micro-RNA?

Back 123

Junk DNA

Front 124

Micro RNA:

Back 124

untranslated RNA that binds to RNA and inhibits translation. (can affect gene regulation; short strand of RNA)

Front 125

Micro RNA is also known as the what?

Back 125

Control gene expression.