Biology Exam

Front 1

Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Back 1

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, and are usually multicellular whereas e.g animal

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and are usually unicellular. E.g bacteria

Front 2

Difference Between Animal and Plant Cells

Back 2

Plant cells have a cell wall, and a chloroplast and are rectangular

Animal cells have none of those things and are usually round.

Front 3

Mitochondria

Back 3

To perform cellular respiration

Front 4

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 4

To transport substances around the cell

Front 5

Ribosomes

Back 5

To build amino acids from complex proteins

Front 6

Nucleus

Back 6

To co-ordinate all activities within the cell

Front 7

Golgi Apparatus

Back 7

To package and store substances into vesicles

Front 8

Vacuole

Back 8

To serve as a storage place for water, proteins, nutrients and minerals

Front 9

Cell Membrane

Back 9

To maintain the contents of the cell

Front 10

Cell Wall

Back 10

To protect the contents of the cell

Front 11

Chloroplast

Back 11

To absorb light energy and make it available for photosynthesis

Front 12

Lysome

Back 12

To breakdown materials

Front 13

Diffusion

Back 13

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration, down a concentration gradient, through a partially permeable membrane, requiring no energy.

Front 14

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 14

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration, down a concentration gradient, through a protein channel, requiring no energy.

Front 15

Osmosis

Back 15

The movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to one of low water concentration, through a semi-permeable membrane with no energy.

Front 16

Active Transport

Back 16

The movement of molecules from an area with low concentration to an area with high concentration. Requires energy because it goes against the concentration gradient.

Front 17

Bulk Transport

Back 17

Requires Energy

Exocytosis - transport of materials out of the cell

Endocytosis - transport of materials into the cell

Front 18

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Back 18

Having a large ratio enhances cell exchange. Small and flat shapes have higher ratios.

Front 19

Photosynthesis

Back 19

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Carbon dioxide + water → Glucose + Oxygen

The conversion of light energy to glucose.

Front 20

Chloroplast

Back 20

Where photosynthesis occurs. Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps light.

Front 21

Cellular Respiration

Back 21

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36-38 ATP

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water + 36-38 ATP

The transfer of glucose into ATP

Front 22

Xylem & Phloem

Back 22

- The xylem carries water and mineral up the stem (transpiration). It only goes up.

- The phloem carries sugar (translocation). It can go in either direction.

Front 23

Digestive System Diagram

Back 23

Front 24

Function of the mouth

Back 24

to chew to break the food into pieces that are more easily digested.

Front 25

Function of the oesophagus

Back 25

to deliver food to your stomach using peristalsis.

Front 26

Function of the liver

Back 26

to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.

Front 27

Function of the stomach

Back 27

to hold food while it is being mixed with enzymes that continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form.

Front 28

Function of the pancreas

Back 28

to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine).

Front 29

Function of the gallbladder

Back 29

to store and concentrate bile and then release it into the duodenum.

Front 30

Function of the large intestine

Back 30

it's responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient.

Front 31

Function of the small intestine

Back 31

the duodenum is largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process

the jejunum and ileum mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Front 32

Function of the rectum

Back 32

to receive stool from the colon and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.

Front 33

Function of the anus

Back 33

to control the expulsion of feces

Front 34

Mechanical vs Chemical digestion

Back 34

Mechanical digestion is the physical breaking down of food whereas chemical deals with the absorption of food.

Front 35

Elimination of waste

Back 35

Elimination of waste involves the large intestine where waste is processed, the rectum where the faeces is received and held until evacuation happens and the anus where the evacuation takes place.

Front 36

Absorption of nutrients

Back 36

Absorption of nutrients involves enzymes and mostly takes place in the small intestine.

Front 37

Herbivore teeth

Back 37

Herbivores mostly have molars of herbivores which are wider and flatter, designed to grind food. (Herbivore incisors are sharp for tearing plants, but they may not be present on both the upper and lower jaw.)

Front 38

Carnivore teeth

Back 38

They have sharp incisors and pointed canine teeth are perfectly designed for both incapacitating and eating a meal. The molars are fewer in number mainly because so much of the work is done by the teeth in the front of the mouth.

Front 39

Omnivore teeth

Back 39

Each omnivore will have teeth that are specifically adapted to the diet these animals consume. Animals with teeth like humans that use their molars for grinding and their incisors and canines for ripping or tearing.

Front 40

Hindgut fermenters

Back 40

A hindgut fermenter has a large and long large intestine as most of their digestion is done in there large intestine. Hindgut fermenters are herbivores. An example is a rabbit.

Front 41

Foregut fermenters

Back 41

Foregut fermenters have a large 4 chambered stomach as most of their digestion of cellulose and nutrients is done in the stomach. Foregut fermenters are herbivores. An example is a deer.

Front 42

Homeostasis

Back 42

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.

Front 43

Negative Feedback

Back 43

Negative feedback is a system of control where if a change is detected in a variable, an action occurs to produce a change in the opposite direction.

Front 44

Nerves

Back 44

* The nerve cell or neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system.
* The three main types of neurons are sensory neurons (aka affector, conduct information from receptors to CNS), intermediate neurons (inter connections) and the motor neurons (aka effector, leave CNS and stimulate muscles or glands).

Front 45

Nerves (picture)

Back 45

Front 46

Stimulus response model

Back 46

Front 47

Water balance

Back 47

Water balance involves osmoregulation which is the regulation of water. This involves balancing water loss with water gain. In mammals, osmoregulation is controlled by hormones using negative feedback.

Front 48

Glucose regulation

Back 48

Glucose regulation is under the control of two hormones insulin and glucagon both of which are produced by the pancreas. Insulin is released when glucose levels are higher than the set range. Glucagon is released when glucose levels are lower than the set range.

Front 49

Thermoregulation

Back 49

Thermoregulation is the process that allows the human body to maintain its core internal temperature.

Front 50

Physiological adaptations

Back 50

Physiological adaptations are adaptations related to the physiology of the animal. E.g; high rate of metabolism for cold weather and low rate of metabolism for hot weather.

Front 51

Structural adaptations

Back 51

Structural adaptations are adaptations related to the structure of the animal. E.g; thick insulation layer for cold weather and large ears for hot weather.

Front 52

Behavioural adaptations

Back 52

Behavioural adaptations are adaptations related to the behaviour of the animal. E.g; huddling in cold weather and seeking shelter in hot weather.

Front 53

Dichotomous keys

Back 53

Dichotomous keys are tools used to identify organisms. They involve choosing from a series of paired options until an organism is identified.

Front 54

Binomial naming system

Back 54

When the last two levels of classification are given; the genus and species name. It was first proposed by Linnaeus (Carl von Linne).

Front 55

Cladistics

Back 55

a method of classification of animals and plants that aims to identify and take account of only those shared characteristics.

Front 56

5 kingdoms

Back 56

-Animalia

-Plantae

-Fungi

-Protista

-Monera

Front 57

Classification hierarchy

Back 57

1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species

Front 58

Communities and populations

Back 58

* Each community is made up of populations of various organisms living in the same location at the same time.
* Each population consists of one species
* community 1 = population 1 + population 2 + population 3

Front 59

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Back 59

* Producers (Autotrophs)
* Consumers (Heterotrophs) which can be subdivided into the following groups:
* Herbivores – eat plants
* Carnivores – eat other organisms
* Omnivores – eat both
* Detritivores – eat decomposing organic matter (e.g dead leaves, faeces, rotting algae, dead organisms)
* Decomposers - obtain their energy and nutrients from ‘dead’ organic matter.

Front 60

Competition

Back 60

Competition occurs when one organism or one species is more efficient than another in gaining access to a limited resource, such as light, water or territory. (e.g fighting monkeys)

Front 61

Predator-prey

Back 61

Occurs when one species (the predator) kills and eats another living animal (the prey). (e.g lion and deer)

Camouflage: blending in

Mimicry: pretending to be something you’re not

Front 62

Parasitism

Back 62

One kind of organism (the parasite) lives on or in another kind (the host) and feeds on it, typically without killing it. But the host suffers various negative effects in this relationship and only the parasite benefits. (fungi and corroboree frog)

Front 63

Mutualsim

Back 63

Prolonged association of two different species in which both partners gain some benefit. (e.g mistletoe birds and mistletoe plants; fungi and algae that form lichens).

Front 64

Commensalism

Back 64

One member gains benefit and the other member neither suffers harm nor gains apparent benefit. (e.g the clown fish that lives among the tentacles of sea anemones for shelter and food scraps).

Front 65

Energy flow

Back 65

* All the energy found within ecosystems is provided initially by the sun
* Light energy must be converted into chemical energy to be of any use to nearly all organisms
* The only organisms that can accomplish this are;
* Plants
* Algae
* Cyanobacteria

Front 66

Trophic levels

Back 66

Front 67

Food chains

Back 67

A food chain is a series of links between different organisms in an ecosystem based on feeding relationships.

Front 68

Keystone species

Back 68

A keystone species is an organism that prevents organisms from the lower trophic levels monopolising food and space.