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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define thermodynamics |
the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter |
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define energy |
the ability to do work and create changes |
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what are a few different types of energy? |
electrical, chemical, light, etc. |
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what is the first law of thermodynamics? |
total amount of energy is constant and conserved (energy cannot be created or destroyed) |
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what are some examples of energy transformations? |
gas stoves: chemical -> heat plants (Photosynthesis): light -> chemical eating: chemical -> kinetic |
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do all organisms require energy? |
yes |
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what is the second law of thermodynamics? |
in all energy transfers, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable |
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define absolute zero |
molecules are no longer moving |
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what is heat energy? |
energy that is lost energy transferred from one system to another that isn't work |
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define entropy |
the measure of randomness and disorder within a system |
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when heat is lost, what increases? |
entropy |
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define kinetic energy |
energy associated with objects in motion |
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define potential energy |
energy determined by an objects position or the force of gravity acting on it |
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which type of potential energy is most important to cells? |
chemical |
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where is chemical energy stored? |
chemical bonds of molecules |
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define exergonic reaction |
energy releasing products have less energy than the reactants |
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define endergonic reaction |
energy storing products have more energy than the reactants |
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what type of reaction is cellular respiration? |
exergonic |
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what type of reaction is photosynthesis? |
endergonic |
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why is ATP necessary for cells? |
it stores excess energy and releases it only as needed |
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what does ATP stand for? |
adenosine triphosphate |
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what three types of work might the cell do with the enrgy released in the reaction of ATP ->ADP? |
mechanical (Kinetic), movement, chemical |
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what occurs in an oxidation reaction? |
loss of electrons (hydrogen) |
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what occurs in a reduction reaction? |
gain of electrons (hydrogen) |
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what is the equation for cellular respiration? what substance is oxidized? reduced? |
C6H12O6 + O2--> CO2 +H2O glucose oxygen |
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what is the equation for photosynthesis? what substance is oxidized? reduced? |
CO2 +H2O ---> C6H12O6 +O2 water carbon dioxide |
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what organisms perform photosynthesis? |
plants algae some bacteria |
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is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? |
endergonic |
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in what product of photosynthesis is light energy stored? |
glucose |
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what type of energy conversion occurs in photosynthesis? |
light --> chemical |
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in which tissue layer of a leaf are the chloroplasts concentrated? |
mesophyll |
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what is the role of the stoma in photosynthesis? |
the gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen regulated openings |
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in which stage of photosynthesis is the reactant water used? |
light reactions |
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in which stage of photosynthesis is CO2 used? |
calvin cycle |
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what are the products of light reactions? |
O2 ATP NADPH |
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what are the products of the calvin cycle? |
phosphate ADP NADP+ C6H12O6 (glucose) |
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which has more energy, gamma rays or radio waves? |
gamma |
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which has more energy, microwaves or infrared? |
microwaves |
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put these colors in order from shortest to longest wavelengths: yellow, blue, violet, red, green |
1. violet 2. blue 3. green 4. yellow 5. red |
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put these colors in order from least energy to most energy: green, yellow, violet, red, blue |
1. red 2. yellow 3. green 4. blue 5. violet |
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why are the wavelengths between 380 and 760 nm considered the visible spectrum? |
they are reflected and can be seen by the human eye |
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what is the main photosynthetic pigment? what color is it? why? |
chlorophyll a blue-green it reflects blue-green light while absorbing wavelengths from either end of the spectrum |
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what color is chlorophyll b? carotenoids? xanthophylls? |
yellow-green yellow bright yellow |
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how do accessory pigments help chlorophyll a during photosynthesis? |
they allow the plant to absorb energy from a wider range of visible-light wavelengths |
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where does photosynthesis occur? |
chloroplasts |
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define thylakoid membrane |
internal membrane system within chloroplasts |
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define granum |
stacks of chloroplasts (flattened sacs) |
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define stroma |
fluid filled area surrounding the sacs (chloroplasts) |
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define chromatography how does paper chromatography work? |
technique used to separate one substance from another solvent moves up paper carrying solute with it; as solvent moves up the paper, pigments that are highly soluble will travel faster and further up the paper, while less soluble pigments (more attracted to the paper) will travel more slowly and make it less high on the paper (drop out sooner) |
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what property causes pigments to separate from each other in chromatography? |
solubility |
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in the chromatography experiment, which pigment was most soluble? least? |
carotenes chlorophyll b |
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what do the wavelengths on the visible spectrum (when put together) produce? |
white light |
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what happens when white light is passed through a prism? |
it is split into individual wavelengths, or colors of light |
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what may happen when individual wavelengths of light hit an object? |
they can be: 1. transmitted (pass through) 2. absorbed 3. reflected |
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how are wavelengths removed from the spectrum (not seen)? |
by being absorbed |
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how are wavelengths seen by the human eye? |
if they are reflected or transmitted |
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more energy = ________ |
shorter wavelengths |
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in the plant extract experiment, were the pigments still contained in the thylakoid membranes? where are they? |
no mixed and dissolved in organic solvent |
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why do plants leaves appear green to you? |
they reflect green light they absorb all other colors |
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define flourescence |
light is absorbed and then re-emitted at a longer wavelength |
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do plant leaves exhibit fluorescence? |
no chlorophyll will not re-emit any of the light |
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in the leaf experiment, what did you notice about the leaf after staining it with iodine? why? |
the parts that had not been exposed to light were not dyed it only stained the part that till had starch in it |
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what does iodine stain for? |
starch |
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why do plants need light for photosynthesis? |
plans need light to make sugar and keep their starch (there was only starch left in the leaf where it was exposed to light) |
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what is starch for? |
storage of glucose |
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when plants are in the light, is co2 used? how is it evident? |
yes the amount of co2 decreases |
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when plants are in the dark, is co2 used? how is it evident? |
no co2 increases (cellular respiration) |
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is the rate of photosynthesis positive or negative for plants in the dark? in the light? |
positive negative |
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define autotrophs examples? |
organism that can produce its own food tree, shrubs, grass |
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define heterotroph examples? |
organism that are incapable of photosynthesis and so they get carbon and energy from food or eating other organisms giraffes |
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define photoautotrophs |
a type of autotroph that uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates |
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what is the overall purpose of light-dependent reactions? |
transform light into chemical energy for autotrophs to use to build carbohydrate molecules light energy -> chemical energy |
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define photosystem |
grouping of pigment molecules and proteins |
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define photon |
a quantity or packet of light energy |
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what happens when a photon of light reaches a chlorophyll molecule? |
an electron in the chlorophyll becomes excited energy given to the electron allows it to break free from an atom of the chlorophyll molecule chlorophyll donates an electron electron bounces back and forth between molecules until it is transported to the primary electron receptor; then it is added to the electron transport chain |
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how is the electron in chlorophyll replaced after a photon of light reaches it? |
a molecule of water is split, releasing an electron photolysis |
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after water is split (when photon reaches chlorophyll),what happens to the oxygen? |
oxygen and hydrogen ions are formed |
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how do all organisms get ATP? |
cellular respiration |
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what is the purpose of photosynthesis? |
make sugar |
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what is the purpose of cellular respiration? |
break sugar down to make ATP |
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how is the excitation of electrons different if the chlorphyll is isolated or in a chloroplast? |
when it is in a chloroplast, it looks green isolated- it looks red |
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define flourescence |
emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation |
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what color light does chlorophyll fluoresce? |
red |
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what allows electrons to be moved into areas of high electron concentration? |
energy from electrons |
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where are photosystems located in a chloroplast? |
thylakoid membrane |
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which photosystem comes first in the sequence of events in the passage of energy in photosynthesis? |
photosystem 2 |
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hydrogen areas move form areas of ______ to areas of _______ with __________ to make _______? |
high concentration low concentration ATP synthase ATP |
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in light dependent reactions, energy is stored in which two types of energy-carrier molecules? |
ATP and NADPH |
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what type of energy is stored in light dependent reactions? |
potential |
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how is energy in light dependent reactions harvested and stored as chemical energy in ATP? |
through chemiosmosis |
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what is chemiosmosis? |
movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient through the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase |
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what is the goal of the calvin cycle? |
create sugar molecules |
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where in the chloroplast does the calvin cycle occur? |
stroma |
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what occurs in stage one of the calvin cycle (carbon fixation)? |
RuBisCO catalyzes a reaction between co2 and RuBP, which forms a 6-carbon compound that is immediately converted into two 3-carbon compounds |
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why is stage 1 of the calvin cycle termed fixation? |
co2 is fixed from its inorganic form int organic molecules |
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what is reduction (stage 2 of calvin cycle)? |
.... |
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what is reduced in the reduction stage? |
co2 |
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what is oxidized during reduction? |
NADPH |
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where to NADP and ADP go during reduction? |
circle around and get used in light reactions |
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is light used in the calvin cycle? |
no |
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what are the inputs of light reactions? |
light h2o ADP P NADP |
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what are the outputs of light reactions? |
ATP oxygen NADPH |
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where do light reactions take place? |
thylakoid membrane (chloroplasts) |
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what are the inputs of the calvin cycle? |
co2 ATP NADPH |
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what are the outputs of the calvin cycle? |
g3p (used to make glucose) NADP ADP P |
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where does the calvin cycle take place? |
stroma (chloroplast) |
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what is the equation for cellular respiration? |
c6h12o6 +o2 --->co2 +h2o+ ATP |
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what is being transferred in oxidation/reduction reactions? |
electrons and hydrogen |
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which molecules in the respiration reactions are oxidized? reduced? |
sugar oxygen |
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in which part of the cell does glycolysis take place? |
cytoplasm |
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how many carbons does glucose have in the beginning of glycolysis? |
6 |
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what is the end result of glycolysis? |
2 pyruvic acid |
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does glycolysis require an input of ATP? how many? |
yes 2 |
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Does glycolysis produce any ATP? how many? |
yes 2 |
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what is NADH? how many are produced in glycolysis? |
electron carrier 2 |
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summary of carbon in glycolysis? |
6c ---> 2x3c |
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summary of ATP in glycolysis? |
2 ATP produced |
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summary of NADH in glycolysis? |
2 NADH produced |
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what enzyme is needed during chemiosmotic phosphorylation? |
ATP synthase |
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what is substrate level phosphorylation? |
phosphate group was attached to an organic molecule and is transferred directly to ATP |
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where does most of the ATP production occur? |
mitochondria |
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if there is no oxygen after glycolysis, what is pyruvic acid changed to? where? |
lactic acid muscles |
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what do all of the different metabolic pathways to release energy begin with? |
glycolysis |
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what is the net energy yield from glycolysis of one molecule of glucose? |
2 ATP |
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what occurs after glycolysis if there is oxygen available? |
aerobic respiration |
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what does anaerobic mean? |
without oxygen |
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what is fermentation? |
process that uses an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH (without oxygen) |
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what type of organisms carry out fermentation? |
bacteria fungi |
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what is the equation for glycolysis and alcohol fermentation? which part is glycolysis? fermentation? |
glucose --> 2 pyruvate --> ethanol +2co2 +energy glucose --> 2 pyruvate 2 pyruvate --> ethanol + 2co2 +energy |
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is any carbon dioxide produced during glycolysis and alcohol fermentation? |
yes; 2 co2 |
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what is the purpose of NAD+ in glycolysis and alcohol fermentation? |
carry electrons |
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what is the organism that carries out fermentation when producing alcohol? |
yeast |
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in making beer, what is the source of glucose? |
barley |
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in wine, what is the source of glucose? |
grapes |
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what happens to the co2 when making alcoholic beverages? |
it is either released or put into the drink (bubbles) |
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does glycolysis require o2? |
no |
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where does the transition step take place? require 02? |
mitochondria no |
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where does the krebs cycle take place? require o2? |
mitochondria no |
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where does the electron transport chain take place? (chemiosmosis) (chemiosmotic phosphorylation) require o2? |
mitochondria yes |
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where does alcohol fermentation take place? require o2? |
cytoplasm no |
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where does lactic acid fermentation take place? require o2? |
cytoplasm no |
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where does heat for body temperature come from? |
energy lost during aerobic respiration breaking down glucose |
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why do you sweat when exercising? |
more sugar is being broken down faster breathing means more o2 to the electron trasnport chain more ATP and heat produced sweat to keep cool |
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define outer membrane |
surrounds organelle and separates it from the cytoplasm |
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define inner membrane |
larger than outer membrane folded into series of projections |
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define cristae |
folds of the inner membrane |
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define matrix |
space inside the mitochondria filled with fluid contains enzymes |
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why is the inner membrane folded? |
to provide more surface area |
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what is the benefit to cells to have cristae? |
all of the electron transport chain is on the inner membrane enhances how fast mitochondria processes |
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are mitochondria present in plant cells? animal cells? |
yes yes |
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are there more than one mitochondria in plant cells? |
yes |
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what could you conclude about cells with a lot of mitochondria |
they require a lot of energy |
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what is formed when co2 is added to lime water? |
chalk water |
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where does co2 come from when breathing into the lime water? |
transition reaction (formation of acetylCOa) (2) krebs cycle (4) |
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if carbon dioxide increases, what happens to oxygen? |
it decreases |
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which end products in aerobic respiration contain the carbon atoms from glucose? |
co2 |
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which end products in aerobic respiration contain the hydrogen atoms from glucose? |
h2o |
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which end products from aerobic respiration contain the oxygen atoms? |
h2o |
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which end products of aerobic respiration contain the energy stored in bonds of the glucose molecule? |
ATP heat |
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where do organisms living in an environment with insufficient water get a portion of their water? what is this water called? |
cellular respiration metabolic water |
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in the tubes for alcohol fermentation, what would happen if you cooled the tubes? |
co2 production would slow down |
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in the tubes for alcohol fermentation, what would happen if you put the tubes in boiling water? |
yeast would be killed no more bubbles |
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define distillation |
process of separating alcohol from sugar-yeast solution on the basis of boiling temperatures (water has higher boiling point) selectively evaporates ethanol |
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what are two pieces of evidence ethanol was collected in the beaker? |
lighting it on fire smell |
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who carries out cellular respiration? how many ATP after glycolysis? |
everything 30 |
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who carries out alcoholic fermentation? how many ATP after glycolysis? |
yeast
0 |
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who carries out lactic acid fermentation? how many ATP after glycolysis? |
muscles 0 |
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what are the percentages of ethanol and gasoline in local gas? |
10 percent ethanol 90 percent gasoline |
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how many pyruvic acids come from glycolysis? |
2h |
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ow many carbons are in each pyruvic acid? |
3 |
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are all the carbons originally in glucose accounted for after glycolysis? |
yes |
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how many co2 are produced in the preparation reaction before the krebs cycle? |
2 |
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how many carbons are in the acetylCOa? |
2 |
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how many co2 are produced in the citric acid cycle? |
4 |
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how many turns of the citric acid cycle are needed to process one molecule of glucose? |
2 |
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how many NADH are produced in one turn of the krebs cycle? two turns? |
3 6 |
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how many FADH2 ar eproduced in one turn of the krebs cycle? two turns? |
1 2 |
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has any oxygen been utilized in glycolysis, the preparation reaction, or the citric acid cycle? |
no |
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what product leaves the citric acid cycle to drop of electrons at the electron transport chain? |
NADH |
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is there a gradient for h+? is the concentration of h+ higher in the matrix or between the inner and outer membrane? |
yes in between the inner and outer membrane |
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what enzyme produces ATP? |
ATP synthase |
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define chemiosmosis |
function of ATP synthase |
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where is oxygen utilized in chemiosmosis? where did it come from? |
final electron acceptor in ATP breathing |
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what is produced when oxygen combines with 2 hydrogen ions? |
h20 |
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where is most ATP produced? |
oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain) |
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summary of glycolysis: ATP produced? direct phosphate transfer or electron transport chain? location within cell/mitochondria? |
2 DPT cytoplasm |
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summary of pyruvate grooming: ATP produced? direct phosphate transfer or electron transport chain? location within cell/mitochondria? |
0 DPT matrix |
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summary of citric acid cycle: ATP produced? direct phosphate transfer or electron transport chain? location within cell/mitochondria? |
2 DPT matrix |
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summary of electron transport chain: ATP produced? direct phosphate transfer or electron transport chain? location within cell/mitochondria? |
28 ETC inner membrane |
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what type of cells undergo lactic acid fermentation? |
muscle cells |
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what products are formed form lactic acid fermentation? |
lactic acid |
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does lactic acid fermentation produce any ATP? |
no |
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why is lactic acid fermentation necessary? |
regenerate more NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue and produce 2 ATP |
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what is the role of NAD + in lactic acid fermentation? |
transport electrons allow glycolysis to continue |
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what is restored by lactic acid fermentation? |
NAD+ |
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is any co2 liberated in lactic acid fermentation? |
no |
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which molecules feed into glycolysis? |
carbs amino acids glycerol |
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can carbs bypass glycolysis and enter further in the pathways? |
no |
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why do none of the molecules that get fed into glycolysis feed directly into the electron transport system? |
their bonds havent been broken NADH or FDH2 gets fed into the electron carriers |
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what are the raw materials in photosynthesis? |
light h20 co2 |
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what are the products or photosynthesis? |
glucose o2 |
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what cells does photosynthesis occur in? |
plant- leaves |
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where in the cells does photosynthesis occur? |
chloroplasts |
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how is ATP produced in photosynthesis? |
light dependent reaction chemiosmotic phosphorylation (electron transport chain) |
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what is the principal electron carrier in photosynthesis? |
NADPH |
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what is the location of the electron transfer system in photosynthesis? |
thylakoid membrane |
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what is the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis? |
NADP+ |
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what are the raw materials in aerobic respiration? |
glucose 02 |
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what are the products of aerobic respiration? |
h2o co2 ATP |
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what cells does aerobic respiration occur in? |
almost all cells |
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where in cells does aerobic respiration take place? |
mitochondria |
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how is ATP produced in aerobic respiration? |
chemiosmotic phosphorylation phosphate level phosphorylation |
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what are the principal electron carriers on aerobic respiration? |
NADH FADH2 |
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what is the location of the electron transport system in aerobic respiration? |
inner membrane of mitochondria |
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what is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? |
o2 |
