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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Directional Selection
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Reduces genetic diversity by favoring one extreme.
like THE COLD |
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Stablizing Selection
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Selection for mean, against extreme phenotypes. Reduces Genetic Diversity.. Really big/small infants have high infant mortality
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Disruptive Selection
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Against mean
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Sexual Selection
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Subject of natural selection. Caused by differences between sexes in likelihood of getting sex. One sex can drive evolution.
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Bateman's principle
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Female reproductive success limited by resources. Male RS limited by access to mates.
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Runaway Selection
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Females choose more and more ostentatious mates. (elk with antlers)
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Theory of Natural Selection
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Variation in population
Heritable in population Some variants at selective advantage Successful variants survive, pass on genes |
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Sesamoid bone
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Grizzly bears like to kill things, using their big claws. Doing so puts a stress on the wrist. Radial sesamoid bones appeared, extra bone in wrist, which strengthened wrist. Sesamoid bone moved to become extra digit for panda, because panda bears don’t really need to kill their bamboo sticks…
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Exadaptation
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Structure that has a secondary function not related to original function
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Sexual Reproduction vs Asexual reproduction
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Asexual reproduction: offspring have 100% of mom's genes.
Sexual reproduction: 50% genes lost every offspring |
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Muller's Ratchet
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Sexual reproduction reduces expression of deleterious recessive alleles: AAxaa=Aa
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Lottery/Tangled Bank Hypothesis
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Better to produce variable offspring than clones because environment always changing.
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Red Queen Hypothesis
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Sexual reproduction lets organisms respond to changing environment. Lions adapt, then gazelles adapt, then lions.
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Morphological species concept
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Individuals that look alike belong to same. Only useful for species paleontology.
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Biological Species Concept
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Species: group of individuals capable of interbreeding
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Microevolution:
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evolution within a species
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Macroevolution
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evolution creates new species
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Sympatric speciation:
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Macroevolution that occurs in a single area. New plant flies over, half of soapberry bugs stick with eating old ones, half eat new ones. Rare.
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Polyploids
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Might support sympatric speciation. Mutation wouldn't species to mate with other species.
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Allopatric Speciation
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Requires geographic isolation. Two types:
Vicariance: Environment changes/isolates Dispersal: big group splits, no interbreeding, adapt on own. |
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Tiktaalik
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Lobe-finned fishes and tetrapod link.
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Lobe-finned fish vs. ray-finned fish
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Lobe finned fish became tetrapods
Ray-finned fish became fish |
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Linnaeus
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Made Systema Naturae. Unwittingly created clades
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Monophyletic vs. paraphyletic vs polyphyletic groups
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M:Includes common ancestors and all descendant species.
Para: Includes CA and some DS Poly: Includes some CA and DS |
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Homologous vs analagous structures:
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Structures with same evolutionary origin
Structures with same use, but different origins |
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Willi Hegnig
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German, published book called Phylogenetics. Created technique called cladistics.
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Methodology of Cladistics
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Choose an outgroup just outside of clade you're looking at. Score as many characteristics as you can.
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Angelmann's vs prader williams
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Both same DNA missing.
Angelman: very retarded, skinny. MOM Prader: very Fat. DAD |
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Parsimony
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Simplest pathway for cladistics
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Shared derived traits vs. shared ancestral traits
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Shared ancestral traits aren't useful. Shared derived traits Are.
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Precambrian
Paleozoic mesozoic cenozoic |
4.6 bya-600 mya
600mya-230 mya 250-60 mya 60 mya less |
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Types of Fossils:
Intact Compression Cast Permineralized |
No decomposition
Sediments accumulated on top/compressed into carbon rich film Branch decomposes, hole left is filled with minerals, becomes cast petrified wood, etc |
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Archaeopetrix
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First bird fossil
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Phyletic gradualism
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evolution occurs slow but sure
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Niles Eldridge and Stephen J Gould
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Argued for punctuated equilibrium
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Punctuated Equlibrium
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Short bursts of change then long periods of no change
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Quantum speciation
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Some big event changes everything, like river deviation/lava flow
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retrotransposons
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most common 15% of our genes. Junk DNA.
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minisatelites
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Not retrotransposons. repetitive sequences. Used for DNA fingerprinting.
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3.8 bya
3.5 bya 1.5 bya In between 600 mya |
Films containing carbon
Cyanobacteria release O2 into air First eukaryote fossils. Mitochondrial evolution and OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION First animal fossils |
