Biology Test #4 Study Guide

Front 1

Pathogen

Back 1

Disease causing organisms.

Front 2

Bacterial Diseases

Back 2

0157H7, Staph, Clostridium Bot., Tetanus

Front 3

Viral Diseases

Back 3

-Hijacks cells & makes more viruses.
Influenza, West Nile, Hepatitis.

Front 4

Eukaryotic Pathogens

Back 4

-Has nucleus+organelles
Worms, athletes foot, jock itch

Front 5

Prions

Back 5

Scrapie, mad cow, crutz-jacob

Front 6

5 ways infectious agents or pathogens can be transmitted from one person or another?

Back 6

Direct & Indirect contact, Vectors, Inhalation, Ingestion

Front 7

1st line of defense
-Physical Barriers
-Chemical Barriers

Back 7

Phy-prevents pathogen entry
-skin
-mucus membranes
Chem.-Mucus, tears, saliva, urine.

Front 8

3 components of the 2nd line of defense

Back 8

-White blood cells-destroys non-self cells (ex. Phagocytes)
-Inflammation-a response to tissue dmg (nearby blood vessels dilate)
-Fever-elevated body temp. as a result of infection

Front 9

Antigen vs. Antibody?

Back 9

Antigen-not made by you
Antibody-made by you

Front 10

B-lymphocytes vs. T-lymphocytes?

Back 10

B-lymphoctyes-Antibody-immunity
T-lymphoctyes-Cell-immunity

Front 11

Which prod. mem. cells?

Back 11

Active Immunity

Front 12

Active vs. Passive Immunity?

Back 12

Active-exposure to path. prods mem. B or T cells
Passive-antibodies ingested in breast milk, temp immunity

Front 13

Allergies

Back 13

-Imm. resp. even when no paths present.
-I.S. treats non harmful antigens as if they were pathogens

Front 14

HIV infects?

Back 14

Helper T cells.

Front 15

If no 3rd line of defense?

Back 15

Infections, cancer, parasites, viruses, etc.

Front 16

Funct. of Endocrine Sys.

Back 16

influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies

Front 17

Components of Endo. sys.

Back 17

hormones, target cells, endocrine glands

Front 18

Hormones

Back 18

chem. secreted by endo glands the trigger a resp. in a spec. type of cell

Front 19

Target Cells

Back 19

a cell that responds to a spec. hormone b/c it has a spec. receptor protein

Front 20

Endocrine Glands

Back 20

specialized tissues or organs that secrete hormones into the blood

Front 21

Pituitary Gland

Back 21

growth, luteinizing & follicle stimulating hormones

Front 22

Testes Gland

Back 22

secrete testosterone

Front 23

Ovaries Gland

Back 23

secrete estrogen & progesterone
-eggs
-uterline lining
-female spec sex characteristics

Front 24

Adrenal Gland

Back 24

secrete epinephrine & norepinephrine
-incr heart rate
-incr respir. rate
-stim liver & muscle tissue to rel. sugar into blood

Front 25

Pancreas Gland

Back 25

Insulin, Glucagon
-lowers blood sugar
-incr abil. of body cells to take in gluc.
-raises blood sugar
-causes liver to rel gluc into blood

Front 26

If blood sugar is high...

Back 26

secrete insulin, lowers blood sugar

Front 27

If blood sugar is low...

Back 27

secrete glucagon, raises blood sugar

Front 28

Type I Diabetes

Back 28

don't make insulin period

Front 29

Type II Diabetes

Back 29

target cells don't resp to insulin

Front 30

Diabetes

Back 30

overflow of urine

Front 31

Mellitus

Back 31

like honey, sweet

Front 32

3 funct of skeletal sys.

Back 32

movement, support, protection

Front 33

Compon. of Axial skel.

Back 33

skull, vertebrae, ribs

Front 34

Components of Appendicular skel

Back 34

arms, legs, shoulder & hips

Front 35

Impts of Joints in the skel sys?

Back 35

-allow for a variety of movements
-where 2 or more bones meet
-usually combined w/ muscles & ligaments

Front 36

Diff betw Ligaments & Tendons?

Back 36

Ligaments-BONE TO BONE
Tendons-BONE TO MUSCLE

Front 37

3 funct of the muscular sys?

Back 37

movement, maintain posture, generating heat

Front 38

Tendons (anatomy)

Back 38

tissue that attaches a muscle to other body parts, usually bones.

Front 39

Muscle Fiber (anatomy)

Back 39

a muscle compos of many cells
-filled w/ organelles called myofibrils

Front 40

Order of muscular system?

Back 40

Muscles to many muscle fibers to many myofibrils to many sarcomeres

Front 41

Sarcomere (anatomy)

Back 41

when it gets shorter, the myofibril "contracts"

Front 42

How do muscle contract?

Back 42

-ATP required
-Proteins of sarcomere are pulled closer together during concentration

Front 43

3 funct. of nervous sys.

Back 43

-Body changes
-processes & interprets info
-directs a response.

Front 44

Diff betw Central & Peripheral nervous sys?

Back 44

CNS-brain, spinal cord
PNS-cranial & spinal nerves

Front 45

Where is Cerebralspinal Fluid found and what is its function?

Back 45

blood cells; protects CNS

Front 46

Temporal Lobe (Function)

Back 46

Auditary info

Front 47

Occipital Lobe (Function)

Back 47

Visual info

Front 48

Parietal Lobe (Function)

Back 48

touch

Front 49

Frontal Lobe(Function)

Back 49

muscle movement

Front 50

Cerebrum (Function)

Back 50

longest part of brain
-controls language, memory

Front 51

Thalamus(Function)

Back 51

motor resp to cerebellum

Front 52

Hypothalamus (Function)

Back 52

controls sex drive

Front 53

Cerebellum (Function)

Back 53

resp for balance, muscle movement

Front 54

Brainstem (Function)

Back 54

breathing, swallowing, automatic functions

Front 55

Diff betw sensory & motor division?

Back 55

SD-info from sens. receptors
MD-info from CNS & sends it to the muscles (or glands).

Front 56

Spinal reflex?

Back 56

info processed by spinal cord & not brain (no thinking)

Front 57

2 basic types of cells in nervous sys? and the diff betw them?

Back 57

Neuron-trans info
Glial-insulate & protect neurons

Front 58

sensory neurons

Back 58

carries impulses from sens recep to CNS

Front 59

motor neurons

Back 59

carries impul from CNS to effectors

Front 60

Interneurons

Back 60

connects motor & sens neurons
-found in CNS only

Front 61

Resting Potential

Back 61

inside of neuron is slighty negative
-moves Na out & K in

Front 62

Depolarization

Back 62

happens when neuron is stimulated

Front 63

Repolarization

Back 63

2nd half of action potential, follows depolarization
-diffuses out of cytoplasm

Front 64

Neurotransmitters

Back 64

chemicals rel at the end of a neuron that commun. w/ other cells.