Biology Test 4

Front 1

Cell Structure and Function

Back 1

all cells have at least 3things: Cytoplasm, DNA or RNA, and a Plasma Membrane

Front 2

Eukaryotic cell

Back 2

Cells that contain anucleus and organelles. Types: Plants and Animal.

Front 3

Prokaryotic cell

Back 3

No nucleus. Cytoplasm, DNA(not housed in the nucleus), Plasma Membrane. Types: E-Coli, Pond scum

Front 4

Plasma membrane

Back 4

made up of a lipid bilayer of phospholipids (head portionof a phospholipids is hydrophilic (interacts with water), the tail portion ishydrophobic (does not interact with water)).

Alsocalled the Fluid Mosaic Model. Dynamic. Mosaic of different molecules andproteins

Front 5

Lipid bilayer

Back 5

auniversal component of all cell membranes.

Front 6

Cytoplasm

Back 6

a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cellmembrane

Front 7

Nucleus

Back 7

Protects the DNA. Controls molecules in and out. OrganizesDNA.

Contains 4 items.

Nuclear envelope

Nucleoplasm

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Front 8

Nuclear envelope

Back 8

· 2 Lipid bilayers, DNA attachment sites, Pores span bilayer.

Front 9

Nucleoplasm

Back 9

Semi fluid space within the nucleus.

Front 10

Nucleolus

Back 10

Mass of proteins and DNA tomake ribosomes.

Front 11

Chromatin

Back 11

Cells collection of DNA andassociated proteins.

Front 12

Ribosome

Back 12

Structures where proteinsare made.

Front 13

Endomembrane system:

Back 13

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi bodies

Vesicles

Lysosomes

Vacuole

Front 14

Rough ER

Back 14

Ribosomes on surface, siteof protein synthesis.

Front 15

Smooth ER

Back 15

Site of lipid synthesis.

Front 16

Golgi bodies

Back 16

· Put final modification on proteins and lipids from the ER.(Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Front 17

Vesicles

Back 17

Patches of membrane thattransport materials.

Front 18

Lysosomes

Back 18

Breaks down cell waste anddebris.

Front 19

Vacuole

Back 19

Fused vesicles, stores amino acids, sugars and wastes,provides structures. Only in plants.

Front 20

Organelles of Metabolism:

Back 20

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Front 21

Mitochondria

Back 21

· Site of aerobic respiration.

Front 22

Chloroplast

Back 22

Site of photosynthesis.

Front 23

How did mitochondria andchloroplasts evolve?

Back 23

Mitochondria DNA and Chloroplast DNA evolved byEndosymbiotic theory.

Front 24

Endosymbiotic theory:

Back 24

Ancestors of eukaryoticcells were parasite by aerobic (or photosynthetic) bacteria; over time bothcells were unable to live without each other.

Front 25

Cell wall

Back 25

Protects cell, providesshape and support, always have a plasma membrane. (Plant cells have a cellwall, animal cells do not have a cell wall.)

Front 26

Cytoskeleton

Back 26

Structural components that provideshape internal organization, movement of organelles, cell motility.

Front 27

Microtubules

Back 27

made of tubulin (protein).Types: Flagella, Cilia

Front 28

Microfilaments

Back 28

made of actin (protein). Types: False feet.

Front 29

Ways substances cancross the plasma membrane:

Back 29

Diffusion

Passive transport

Active transport

Front 30

Diffusion

Back 30

the net movement of solute molecules down a concentrationgradient. (Greater to lessor)

Front 31

Passive transport

Back 31

requires no energy,transport down concentration gradient

Front 32

Active transport

Back 32

requires energy, transport against concentration gradient(lessor to greater)

Front 33

Endocytosis, exocytosis

Back 33

transport via vesicles

Front 34

Molecular Movement

Back 34

Diffusion

Osmosis

Front 35

Diffusion –Factors:

Back 35

Concentration of the solute.

· Molecular size.

· Temperature.

· Electrical force or pressure.

Front 36

Concentration of the solute

Back 36

· the more concentrated the faster the diffusion.

Front 37

Molecular size

Back 37

· smaller molecules diffuse faster.

Front 38

Temperature

Back 38

the higher the temperaturethe faster the diffusion.

Front 39

Electrical force orpressure

Back 39

builds up and ionicconcentration to create a current.

Front 40

Osmosis

Back 40

Diffusion of water across aselectively permeable membrane down its concentration gradient. (To the higherconcentration of the solution).

Front 41

Tonicity

Back 41

A comparison of solute concentrations.

· Hypotonic

· Hypertonic

· Isotonic

Front 42

Hypotonic

Back 42

having fewer solutes. (expands)

Front 43

Hypertonic

Back 43

having more solutes.(shrinks)

Front 44

Isotonic

Back 44

having equal concentration.(equal)

Front 45

Membranes crossing mechanisms:

Back 45

Diffusion and Osmosis

Passive transports

Active transporters

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Front 46

Diffusion and Osmosis

Back 46

O2, CO2 andother small, nonpolar molecules; water molecules.

Glucose and other large polar molecules; ions do notcross

Front 47

Passive transports

Back 47

Glucose, more concentratedoutside the cell than inside. Does not require energy, downgradient.

Front 48

Active transporters

Back 48

higher concentration of CA+ outside the cell compared tothe inside. Requires energy.

Front 49

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Back 49

movement of molecules byvesicles.

Front 50

Endocytosis:

Back 50

Movement in by vesicles.

Front 51

Exocytosis:

Back 51

Movement out by vesicles.