Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
CHEMICAL SIGNALING MOLECULE FORMED BY ONE PART OF THE BODY, ACTING UPON ANOTHER. IN ANIMALS, A PRODUCT OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS, ENDOCRINE CELLS, OR NEURON. IN PLANTS, A PRODUCT OF CELLS IN PRIMARY SHOOTS OR ROOTS.
|
HORMONE
|
|
|
HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY GLAND (ANTERIOR LOBE), PITUITARY GLAND (POSTERIOR LOBE), ADRENAL GLAND, OVARIES, TESTES, PINEAL GLAND, THYROID GLAND, PARATHYROID GLAND, THYMUS GLAND, AND PANCREATIC ISLETS....
|
LOCATIONS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
|
|
|
LOCATION AND IMPORTANCE OF PITUITARY GLAND:
|
IN THE BRAIN (PEA-SIZED); TRIGGERS SECRETION OF HORMONES FROM DIFFERENT GLANDS, WHICH HAVE DIVERSE EFFECTS ON THE BODY.
|
|
|
PRIMARY ACTIONS OF OXYTOCIN AND PROLACTIN:
|
OXYTOCIN: INDUCES MUSCLE CONTRACTION IN THE LINING OF THE UTERUS AND IN THE WALL OF MILK DUCTS.
PROLACTIN: HELPS INITIATE AND MAINTAIN THE PRODUCTION OF MILK IN MAMMARY GLANDS AFTER OTHER HORMONES HAVE PRIMED THE TISSUES. |
|
|
IMPORTANCE OF PITUITARY TO THE THYROID GLAND, OVARIES, AND TESTES:
|
THYROID GLAND: AT THE BASE OF NECK IN FRONT OF TRACHEA; WHEN STIMULATED BY TSH THE THYROID SECRETES THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE ( THESE HORMONES HAVE ESSENTIAL ROLES IN DEVELOPMENT).
OVARIES: (ONE PAIR OF FEMALE GONADS), ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE (MAINTAIN PRIMARY SEX ORGANS, INFLUENCE SECONDARY SEXUAL TRAITS). TESTES: (ONE PAIR OF MALE GONADS), TESTOSTERONE (DEVELOPS AND MAINTAINS PRIMARY SEX ORGANS, INFLUENCE SECONDARY SEXUAL TRAITS). |
|
|
IMPORTANCE OF GROWTH HORMONE (SOMATOTROPIN):
|
STH (AKA GROWTH HORMONE) AFFECTS THE METABOLISM IN MOST TISSUES. IT TRIGGERS SECRETIONS FROM LIVER CELLS THAT AFFECT THE GROWTH OF BONE AND SOFT TISSUES.
|
|
|
THYROXINE:
|
A METABOLISM REGULATOR
|
|
|
HYPOTHYROIDISM/ HYPERTHYROIDISM
|
HYPO: A LOW LEVEL OF THYROID HORMONES. W/O TREATMENT, AFFECTED ADULTS ARE OFTEN SLUGGISH, OVERWEIGHT, INTOLERANT OF COLD, DRY-SKINNED, CONFUSED, AND DEPRESSED. THIS CONDITION IS NO LONGER COMMON IN REGIONS WHERE PEOPLE USE IODIZED SALT.
HYPER: GRAVES' DISORDER; THE SYMPTOMS TYPICALLY INCLUDE ANXIETY, TREMORS, TROUBLE SLEEPING, HEAT INTOLERANCE, PROTRUDING EYES, AND AN ERRATIC HEARTBEAT. SOME CASES ARRISE WHEN ANTIBODIES WRONGLY STIMULATE THE THYROID. OTHER CASES ARISE AFTER INFLAMMATION OR TUMORS DEVELOP IN THIS GLAND. |
|
|
DIABETES MELLITUS:
|
IN THIS DISORDER, CELLS HAVE TROUBLE TAKING UP GLUCOSE, WHICH BUILDS UP IN BLOOD, THEN IN URINE. AFFECTED PEOPLE MUST URINATE FREQUENTLY. THIS ALTERS THE BODY'S WATER-SOLUTE BALANCE AND CAUSES ABNORMAL THIRST. W/O A STEADY SUPPLY OF GLUCOSE, BODY CELLS START DEPLETING STRUCTURAL FATS AND PROTEINS AS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES. WEIGHT LOSS IS ONE OUTCOME. ANOTHER IS KETONE ACCUMULATION IN BLOOD AND URINE. KETONES ARE NORMAL ACIDIC PRODUCTS OF FAT BREAKDOWN, BUT WHEN THEY ACCUMULATE, THE RESULT IS KETOACIDOSIS. SUCH CHANGES IN THE ACID-BASE BALANCE AND IN SOLUTE LEVELS MAY INTERFERE WITH NORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION. EXTREME DISRUPTIONS CAN RESULT IN DEATH.
|
|
|
INSULIN/ GLUCAGON
|
INSULIN: GLUCOSE IS ABSORBED FOLLOWING A MEAL => BETA CELLS OF PANCREAS RELEASE INSULIN INTO BLOOD
GLUCAGON: CELLS USE OR STORE GLUCOSE BETWEEN MEALS => ALPHA CELLS OF PANCREAS RELEASE GLUCAGON INTO BLOOD. |
|
|
HORMONES ARE:
A.) CHEMICAL MESSENGERS B.) ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PRODUCTS C.) CARRIED BY THE BLOOD D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS RELEASED BY THE PITUITARY GLAND?
A.) THYROXINE B.) INSULIN C.) GLUCAGON D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
OXYTOCIN:
A.) IS RELEASED BY THE THYROID GLAND B.) HELPS INDUCE LABOR IN AN EXPECTANT WOMAN C.) IS THE SAME SUBSTANCE AS TSH D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
B
|
|
|
HYPOTHYROIDISM:
A.) ALWAYS LEADS TO WEIGHT LOSS B.) RAISES BODY TEMPERATURE C.) CAN PRODUCE SLUGGISHNESS D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
C
|
|
|
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON:
A.) ARE SECRETED BY THE THYROID GLAND B.) ARE SYNTHESIZED BY THE PITUITARY GLAND C.) INTERACT TO REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
C
|
|
|
SEXUAL VS. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
|
SEXUAL:
PROS: 1. VARIATION IN TRAITS AMONG OFFSPRING. CONS: 1. ENERGY AND RESOURCES MUST BE ALLOCATED TO FORMING AND NURTURING GAMETES. 2. OFTEN, REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES THAT CAN HELP DELIVER OR ACCEPT SPERM MUST BE BUILT. 3. A POTENTIAL MATE MIGHT HAVE TO BE COURTED. 4. THE TIMING OF GAMETE FORMATION AND MATING MUST BE SYNCHRONIZED BETWEEN THE SEXES. ASEXUAL: PROS: CONS: 1. ALL OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLY THE SAME AS THEIR INDIVIDUAL PARENT. |
|
|
STAGES OF REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT:
|
GAMETE FORMATION => FERTILIZATION => CLEAVAGE => GASTRULATION => ORGAN FORMATION => GROWTH AND TISSUE SPECIALIZATION
|
|
|
EARLY STAGE OF ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT. MITOTIC CELL DIVISIONS DIVIDE A FERTILIZED EGG INTO MANY SMALLER, NUCLEATED CELLS; ORIGINAL VOLUME OF EGG CYTOPLASM DOES NOT INCREASE.
|
CLEAVAGE
|
|
|
BY THIS PROCESS, CELL LINEAGES BECOME SPECIALIZED IN THEIR COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION.
|
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
|
|
|
DURING THIS PROCESS, CELLS OF DIFFERENT LINEAGES DIVIDE, GROW, MIGRATE, AND CHANGE IN SIZE. TISSUES LENGTHEN OR WIDEN AND FOLD OVER. AND SOME CELLS DIE IN CONTROLLED WAYS AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS.
|
MORPHOGENESIS
|
|
|
SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTES:
|
ONE OF A PAIR OF PRIMARY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS; PACKED WITH SPERM-PRODUCING TUBULES AND CELLS THAT SECRETE TESTOSTERONE AND OTHER HORMONES.
|
|
|
SIGNIFICANCE OF TEMPERATURE IN SPERM DEVELOPMENT:
|
TESTES START TO FORM ON THE WALL OF AN XY EMBRYO'S ABDOMINAL CAVITY. BEFORE BIRTH, THEY DESCEND INTO THE SCROTUM, A SKIN POUCH BELOW THE PELVIC GIRDLE. MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS DRAW THE POUCH CLOSER TO THE MAIN BODY MASS, AND MUSCLE RELAXATION LOWERS IT. SUCH ADJUSTMENTS HELP MAINTAIN AN INTERVAL TEMPERATURE THAT IS SUITABLE FOR SPERM FORMATION.
|
|
|
LOCATION AND FUNCTION OF VAS DEFERENS:
|
IN THE SCROTUM NEXT TO TESTES; ONE OF A PAIR OF DUCTS FOR RAPID TRANSPORT OF SPERM.
|
|
|
DUAL PURPOSE DUCT; SERVES AS CHANNEL FOR EJACULATION OF SPERM DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL, ALSO FOR URINE EXCRETION AT OTHER TIMES:
|
URETHRA
|
|
|
SEMEN
|
A THICKENED FLUID THAT IS EXPELLED FROM THE PENIS DURING SEXUAL ACTIVITY; SPERM TRAVELING TO THE URETHRA MIX WITH GLANDULAR SECRETIONS AND FORM SEMEN.
|
|
|
RATE OF SPERM PRODUCTION:
|
100 MILLION PER DAY
|
|
|
PROSTATE CANCER
|
IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH AMONG MEN, SURPASSED ONLY BY LUNG CANCERS. IN 2003, MORE THAN 220,000 MALES WERE DIAGNOSED IN THE U.S.; 29,000 DIED. IN EARLY STAGES IT MIGHT BE PAINLESS AND IT MAY SPREAD SILENTLY INTO LYMPH NODES OF THE ABDOMEN, CHEST, NECK, THEN LUNGS. IF THE CANCER METASTASIZES, PROSPECTS ARE NOT GOOD. DOCTORS MAY DETECT PROSTATE CANCER BY BLOOD TESTS FOR INCREASES IN PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA) AND BY PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS.
|
|
|
OOCYTE PRODUCTION AND MATURATION, SEX HORMONE PRODUCTION...
|
OVARIES
|
|
|
DUCTS FOR CONDUCTING OOCYTE FROM OVARY TO UTERUS; FERTILIZATION NORMALLY OCCURS HERE...
|
OVIDUCTS
|
|
|
CHAMBER IN WHICH NEW INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPS...
|
UTERUS
|
|
|
ORGAN OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE; ALSO SERVES AS BIRTH CANAL...
|
VAGINA
|
|
|
PAIRS OF INNER AND OUTER SKIN FOLDS OF EXTERNAL GENITALS...
|
LABIA
|
|
|
SMALL ORGAN RESPONSIVE TO SEXUAL STIMULATION...
|
CLITORIS
|
|
|
LENGTH OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE:
|
28 DAYS
|
|
|
MENOPAUSE
|
THE DECLINE IN HORMONE SECRETIONS CORRELATES WITH THE ONSET OF 'MENOPAUSE', THE TWILIGHT OF A FEMALE'S REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY.
|
|
|
HOW AN EGG GETS OUT OF AN OVARY...
|
OVULATION. THE MATURE FOLLICLE RUPTURES, RELEASING THE SECONDARY OOCYTE AND FIRST POLAR BODY.
|
|
|
CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM DURING A MENSTRUAL CYCLE:
|
DURING THE LUTEAL PHASE, THE ENDOMETRIUM THICKENS AND DEVELOPS (DAY 15-28)
|
|
|
WHERE FERTILIZATION TYPICALLY OCCURS...
|
OVIDUCT
|
|
|
HOW FERTILIZATION RESTORES THE DIPLOID NUMBER...
|
UPON SPERM PENETRATION, THE SECONDARY OOCYTE AND THE FIRST POLAR BODY COMPLETE MEIOSIS II. NOW THERE ARE THREE POLAR BODIES AND ONE MATURE EGG, OR OVUM. THE EGG NUCLEUS FUSES WITH THE SPERM NUCLEUS. TOGETHER, CHROMOSOMES OF BOTH NUCLEI RESTORE THE DIPLOID NUMBER FOR A BRAND NEW ZYGOTE.
|
|
|
IN PLACENTAL MAMMALS, THE BURROWING OF A BLASTOCYST INTO THE UTERUS WALL...
|
IMPLANTATION
|
|
|
SERVE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS, TOGETHER THEY ARE VITAL FOR THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO...
|
EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
|
|
|
A BLOOD-ENGORGED ORGAN COMPOSED OF THE UTERINE LINING AND EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES...
|
PLACENTA
|
|
|
SPERM:
A.) ARE HAPLOID B.) ARE PROPELLED BY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS C.) ARE FLAGELLATED D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
SEMEN:
A.) INCLUDES AN ENERGY SOURCE FOR SPERM B.) RECEIVES CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SEVERAL GLANDS C.) IS ALKALINE D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
THE ENDOMETRIUM:
A.) IS THE OUTER LAYER OF THE UTERUS B.) IS WHERE IMPLANTATION OCCURS C.) LINES THE OVARIES D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
B
|
|
|
AN EGG IS USUALLY FERTILIZED IN:
A.) AN OVARY B.) THE UTERUS C.) AN OVIDUCT D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
C
|
|
|
THE PLACENTA:
A.) INCLUDES MATERNAL AND FETAL TISSUE B.) IS ALL MATERNAL TISSUE C.) IS ALL FETAL TISSUE D.) WRAPS AROUND THE OUTSIDE OF THE UTERUS |
A
|
|
|
GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SPECIES IN A SPECIFIED AREA...
|
POPULATION
|
|
|
THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS THAT POTENTIALLY OR ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE GENE POOL...
|
POPULATION SIZE
|
|
|
THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS IN SOME SPECIFIED AREA OR VOLUME OF A HABITAT...
|
POPULATION DENSITY
|
|
|
AN INTERVAL DURING WHICH THE NUMBER OF BIRTHS IS BALANCED BY THE NUMBER OF DEATHS...
|
ZERO POPULATION GROWTH
|
|
|
WHEN THE GROWTH OF ANY POPULATION OVER TIME PLOTS OUT AS A J-SHAPED CURVE, YOU KNOW THAT YOU ARE TRACKING...
|
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
|
|
|
ANY ESSENTIAL RESOURCE THAT IS IN SHORT SUPPLY; FOOD, MINERAL IONS, REFUGE FROM PREDATORS, LIVING SPACE, AND EVEN A POLLUTION-FREE HABITAT ARE EXAMPLES...
|
LIMITING FACTOR
|
|
|
THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF A POPULATION THAT A GIVEN ENVIRONMENT CAN SUSTAIN INDEFINITELY...
|
CARRYING CAPACITY
|
|
|
FACTOR THAT OPERATES AT HIGH POPULATION DENSITY TO SLOW BIRTH RATE AND/OR INCREASE DEATH RATE (DISEASE, COMPETITION)...
|
DENSITY-DEPENDENT CONTROL
|
|
|
FACTOR THAT IMPACTS A POPULATION'S BIRTH RATE OR DEATH RATE REGARDLESS OF DENSITY (FIRE, FLOOD)...
|
DENSITY-INDEPENDENT CONTROL
|
|
|
POSSIBLE REASONS FOR MASSIVE HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH...
|
-HUMANS STEADILY DEVELOPED THE CAPACITY TO EXPAND INTO NEW HABITATS AND CLIMATE ZONES.
-HUMANS INCREASED THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF THEIR EXISTING HABITATS. -HUMAN POPULATIONS HAVE SIDESTEPPED LIMITING FACTORS THAT RESTRAIN THE GROWTH OF OTHER SPECIES. |
|
|
FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS:
|
MORE OR LESS THE GOVERNMENT OFFERS BENEFITS TO MARRIED COUPLES WHO HAVE ONLY 1-2 CHILDREN AND PENALIZES COUPLES WHO HAVE MORE THAN 2 CHILDREN.
|
|
|
EXPLANATION OF THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH...
|
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
|
|
|
THE HUMANS POPULATION:
A.) HAS BEEN REMARKABLY STABLE B.) HAS GROWN EXPONENTIALLY C.) IS NOW LESS THAN 3 BILLION D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
B
|
|
|
THE EARTH'S CARRYING CAPACITY FOR PEOPLE:
A.) IS ABOUT 2 BILLION B.) HAS DEFINITELY BEEN EXCEEDED C.) WILL NEVER BE REACHED D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
A PLAGUE IN A HIGHLY POPULATED CITY WOULD MOST LIKELY BE AN EXAMPLE OF:
A.) DENSITY-DEPENDENT CONTROL B.) DENSITY-INDEPENDENT CONTROL C.) DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
A
|
|
|
THE HUMAN POPULATION:
A.) STEADILY EXPANDED INTO NEW HABITATS B.) INCREASED CARRYING CAPACITIES IN EXISTING HABITATS C.) SIDESTEPPED LIMITING FACTORS D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
THE UNITED STATES:
A.) IS EXPERIENCING ZERO POPULATION GROWTH B.) HAS A HUMAN POPULATION GROWING MORE RAPIDLY THAN THAT OF INDIA C.) IS EXPERIENCING A DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
C
|
|
|
THE SUM OF ITS ACTIVITIES AND INTERACTIONS AS IT GOES ABOUT ACQUIRING AND USING THE RESOURCES REQUIRED TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE...
|
NICHE
|
|
|
INTERACTION BETWEEN SPECIES THAT BENEFITS ONE AND AND HAS NO EFFECT ON OTHER...
|
COMMENSALISM
|
|
|
SYMBIOTIC INTERACTION THAT BENEFITS BOTH PARTNERS...
|
MUTUALISM
|
|
|
INTERACTION IN WHICH ONE ORGANISM LIVES ON OR IN ANOTHER AND FEEDS ON ITS TISSUES...
|
PARASITISM
|
|
|
IDEA THAT, WHEN TWO SPECIES REQUIRE EXACTLY THE SAME RESOURCES, COMPETITION WILL DRIVE ONE OR THE OTHER TO EXTINCTION IN A SHARED HABITAT...
|
COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION
|
|
|
SPECIES THAT CAN COLONIZE NEWLY FORMED OR NEWLY VACATED HABITATS...
|
PIONEER SPECIES
|
|
|
ARRAY OF SPECIES THAT CAN, IF HABITAT REMAINS STABLE, PERSIST INDEFINITELY WITHOUT BEING REPLACED BY OTHER SPECIES...
|
CLIMAX COMMUNITY
|
|
|
PRIMARY/ SECONDARY SUCCESSION
|
PRIMARY: SEQUENCE OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FROM PIONEER SPECIES TO CLIMAX STAGE IN A PREVIOUSLY BARREN HABITAT.
SECONDARY: RECOVERY OF A COMMUNITY TO ITS CLIMAX STAGE FOLLOWING A HABITAT DISTURBANCE, SUCH AS A FOREST FIRE. |
|
|
A SPECIES THAT HAS A MAJOR ROLE IN SHAPING COMMUNITY STRUCTURE...
|
KEYSTONE SPECIES
|
|
|
A NICHE INVOLVES:
A.) A HABITAT B.) AN ECOLOGICAL "ADDRESS" C.) FOOD SOURCES D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
TWO ORGANISMS, EACH OF A DIFFERENT SPECIES, ARE EXISTING MUTUALISTICALLY. THIS MEANS:
A.) BOTH WILL DIE WITHIN ONE WEEK B.) BOTH ARE BENEFITTING FROM THE RELATIONSHIP C.) ONE IS PARASITIZING THE OTHER D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
B
|
|
|
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS/ARE NOT AN ADAPTATION AGAINST PREDATION?
A.) WARNING COLORATION B.) A PLEASING TASTE C.) THORNS D.) MIMICRY |
B
|
|
|
A COMMUNITY DEVELOPING ON A RECENTLY CREATED ISLAND IS DISPLAYING:
A.) SECONDARY SUCCESSION B.) PRIMARY SUCCESSION C.) MOMENT-OF-TRUTH DEFENSE D.) MIMICRY |
B
|
|
|
A PREDACEOUS STARFISH:
A.) MUST BE MUTUALISTIC WITH ITS PREY B.) MIGHT BE A KEYSTONE SPECIES C.) IS ACTUALLY A PARASITE D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
B
|
|
|
FUNGAL OR BACTERIAL HETEROTROPH THAT OBTAINS CARBON AND ENERGY FROM REMAINS, PRODUCTS, OR WASTES OF ORGANISMS...
|
DECOMPOSER
|
|
|
AN ARRAY OF SPECIES AND THEIR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT...
|
ECOSYSTEM
|
|
|
ALL ORGANISMS THE SAME NUMBER OF TRANSFER STEPS AWAY FROM THE ENERGY INPUT INTO AN ECOSYSTEM...
|
TROPHIC LEVEL
|
|
|
A LINEAR FLOW OF ENERGY CAPTURED BY PRIMARY PRODUCERS (AUTOTROPHS) INTO EVER HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS OF AN ECOSYSTEM...
|
FOOD CHAIN
|
|
|
CROSS CONNECTING FOOD CHAINS...
|
FOOD WEB
|
|
|
SOME SUBSTANCE BECOMES MORE CONCENTRATED IN BODY TISSUES AS IT MOVES UP THROUGH FOOD CHAINS...
|
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
|
|
|
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE DRY WEIGHT OF ALL ORGANISMS AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL OF AN ECOSYSTEM...
|
BIOMASS PYRAMID
|
|
|
DIAGRAM OF AN ECOSYSTEM'S TROPHIC STRUCTURE; SHOWS USABLE ENERGY AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL...
|
ENERGY PYRAMID
|
|
|
AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT MOVES FROM THE ENVIRONMENT, THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, THEN BACK TO THE ENVIRONMENT...
|
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
|
|
|
THE REASON FOR THE LIMITED NUMBER OF TROPHIC LEVELS IN AN ECOSYSTEM...
|
LOSS OF ENERGY
|
|
|
PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY TRANSFER FROM ONE TROPHIC LEVEL TO THE NEXT...
|
10%
|
|
|
SOURCE OF MOST OF THE WATER VAPOR FOUND IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE...
|
OCEANS
|
|
|
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A PRIMARY PRODUCER?
A.) AN AUTOTROPH B.) A PINE TREE C.) A POTATO PLANT D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
A FISH-EATING BIRD:
A.) BELONGS TO A TROPHIC LEVEL B.) IS AN HERBIVORE C.) IS A PRIMARY PRODUCER D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
A
|
|
|
ECOSYSTEMS:
A.) CAN HAVE AN UNLIMITED NUMBER OF TROPHIC LEVELS B.) ARE CLOSED SYSTEMS C.) MUST HAVE AN OUTSIDE ENERGY SOURCE D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
C
|
|
|
THE WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE:
A.) WILL NEVER BE USED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS B.) WILL ALWAYS CONDENSE AND FALL INTO THE OCEAN C.) IS PART OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
C
|
|
|
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION:
A.) IS OF NO SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS AND OTHER LARGE MAMMALS B.) CONCENTRATED DDT IN MANY ANIMALS C.) HAS BEEN STOPPED ON OUR PLANET D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
B
|
|
|
ENCOMPASSES ECOSYSTEMS THAT RANGE FROM CONTINENT-STRADDLING FORESTS TO RAINWATER POOLS IN CUP-SHAPED CLUSTERS OF LEAVES...
|
BIOSPHERE
|
|
|
PRIMARY REASONS FOR OZONE THINNING...
|
CFC'S
|
|
|
FALLING OF RAIN (OR SNOW) RICH IN ACIDIC SULFUR AND NITROGEN OXIDES...
|
ACID RAIN
|
|
|
CONDITIONS FAVORING DECIDUOUS BROADLEAF FORESTS AND WHERE THERE FOUND...
|
FORM BETWEEN LATITUDES 20˚ NORTH AND SOUTH, THE TROPICAL ZONES OF AFRICA, THE EAST INDIES, MALAYSIA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND CENTRAL AMERICA. RAINFALL IS HEAVY, BETWEEN 130 AND 200 CENTIMETERS YEARLY. REGULAR RAINS, AN ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE OF 25˚C, AND AT LEAST 80 % HUMIDITY SUPPORT TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS. IN THIS HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE FOREST, EVERGREENS GROW NEW LEAVES AND SHED OLD ONES ALL YEAR.
|
|
|
CONDITIONS FAVORING CONIFEROUS FORESTS AND WHERE THERE FOUND...
|
CONE-BEARING TREES ARE PRIMARY PRODUCERS OF CONIFEROUS FORESTS. MOST HAVE THICK CUTICLES, NEEDLE-SHAPED LEAVES, AND RECESSED STOMATA, ADAPTATIONS THAT HELP CONSERVE WATER DURING DROUGHTS AND ICY WINTERS. THEY DOMINATE THE BOREAL FORESTS, MONTANE CONIFEROUS FORESTS, TEMPERATE RAIN FORESTS, AND PINE BARRENS.
BOREAL FORESTS STRETCH ACROSS NORTHERN EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA. THEY ARE KNOWN AS TAIGOS, MEANING "SWAMP FORESTS". MOST FORM IN GLACIATED REGIONS WITH COLD LAKES AND STREAMS. |
|
|
NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT OF A BODY OF WATER (E.G. LAKE OR POND)...
|
EUTROPHICATION
|
|
|
A LARGE LAND REGION CHARACTERIZED BY DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES AND HABITAT CONDITIONS (STREAMS)...
|
BIOME
|
|
|
_____ ACCOUNT FOR 70% OF THE OCEAN'S PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY.
|
ULTRAPLANKTON
|
|
|
PARTLY ENCLOSED COAST REGION WHERE SEAWATER MIXES WITH FRESH WATER AND RUNOFF FROM LAND, AS FROM RIVERS...
|
ESTUARY
|
|
|
NEAR FREEZING WATER SEEPING INTO FISSURES IN THE SEAFLOOR BECOMES SUPERHEATED. AS IT SPEWS BACK OUT, IT LEACHES MINERAL IONS FROM THE ROCKS. DISSOLVED IN THE OUTPOURING ARE IRON, ZINC, COPPER SULFIDES, AND SULFATES OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM. THESE MINERALS SETTLE OUT AS RICH DEPOSITS THAT FUNCTION AS THE ENERGY SOURCE FOR CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC SPECIES OF BACTERIA AND ARCHEA...
|
HYDROTHERMAL VENT
|
|
|
YOU AND I ARE PARTS OF:
A.) THE BIOSPHERE B.) AN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY C.) A FOOD WEB D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
IN THE OCEAN, PRIMARY PRODUCTION IS MOSTLY A RESULT OF:
A.) PLANKTON B.) ZOOPLANKTON C.) LARGE, FLOATING PLANTS D.) HETEROTROPHS |
A
|
|
|
IF YOU LIVE ON THE SHORE OF A LAKE, YOU PROBABLY WILL CONTRIBUTE TO:
A.) A HUGE DECREASE IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION B.) A RAPID LOSS OF ALL LIFE IN THE LAKE C.) EUTROPHICATION D.) 17 CHARITIES |
C
|
|
|
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BIOMES CAN BE FOUND IN FLORIDA?
A.) BOREAL FORESTS B.) DRY SHRUBLANDS C.) CORAL REEFS D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
C
|
|
|
ESTUARIES ARE:
A.) USUALLY UNPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS B.) NOT FOUND IN FLORIDA C.) PLACES WHERE FRESH AND SALT WATER MIX D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
C
|
|
|
ANY BEHAVIOR THAT AN ANIMAL PERFORMS WITHOUT HAVING FIRST LEARNED IT THROUGH EXPERIENCE...
|
INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOR
|
|
|
RESPONSES VARY OR CHANGE AS A RESULT OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S EXPERIENCES...
|
LEARNED BEHAVIOR
|
|
|
LEARNING THAT OCCURS DURING A SENSITIVE PERIOD FOR A YOUNG ANIMAL, TRIGGERED BY EXPOSURE TO A SIMPLE STIMULUS...
|
IMPRINTING
|
|
|
DOMINANCE HIERARCHY
|
SOCIAL GROUPS THAT SHARE RESOURCES UNEQUALLY AMONG SOME INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE SUBORDINATE TO OTHERS (WOLF PACKS...)
|
|
|
A GENETICALLY DETERMINED BEHAVIOR MAY PERSIST OR INCREASE FREQUENTLY IN A POPULATION; A BEHAVIOR THAT INCREASES THE NUMBER OF DESCENDANTS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL SUCCESSFULLY PRODUCES...
|
THE ADAPTIVE VALUE OF BEHAVIOR
|
|
|
ALL BEHAVIORS ARE:
A.) LEARNED B.) INSTINCTIVE C.) PAVLOVIAN D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
D
|
|
|
BEHAVIOR:
A.) IS NEVER ADAPTIVE B.) IS OFTEN ADAPTIVE C.) IN HUMANS IS NEVER INSTINCTIVE D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
B
|
|
|
DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES:
A.) HAVE ONLY BEEN OBSERVED IN WOLVES AND CHICKENS B.) HAVE NO RELEVANCE TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR C.) CAN BE ADAPTIVE D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
C
|
