Biology Test

Front 1

Central Nervous System
(CNS)

Back 1

*brain & spinal cord
*recieves info, generates thought, directs responses
*10 to 100 billion neurons

Front 2

Meninges

Meningitis

Back 2

*three layers of connective tissue surrounding the brain & spinal cord
*infection of fluid & meninges

Front 3

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 3

*clear fluid between the meninges
*cushions & nourishes cells of brain, spinal cord
*similar to blood plasma
*circulates around CNS

Front 4

Blood-brain barrier

Back 4

*walls of capillaries in brain are less permeable to certain chemicals so that those certain chemicals are not allowed into brain (prevents damage)

Front 5

Gray matter

Back 5

*contains cell bodies of motor and association neurons that control voluntary muscles & autonomic nervous system
*"H" - shaped, or butterfly-shaped
*also has neurons that communicate with brain & other areas of spinal cord

Front 6

White matter

Back 6

*axons are coated with myelin
*carry signals up & down spinal cord, traveling to & from brain

Front 7

Dorsal root

Back 7

*has axons of sensory neurons

Front 8

Dorsal root ganglion

Back 8

*has cell bodies of sensory neurons

Front 9

Ventral root

Back 9

*contains axons of motor neurons

Front 10

Peripheral nerve

Back 10

*dorsal & ventral roots come together

Front 11

Central canal

Back 11

*hollow tube through the spinal cord
*cerebrospinal fluid circulates here

Front 12

Epidural Space

Back 12

*anesthesia is injected

example - numb lower body for childbirth

Front 13

Hindbrain

Back 13

*consists of medulla, pons, & cerebellum

Front 14

Medulla

Back 14

*extension of spinal cord
*controls automatic functions: breathing, BP, heart rate, swallowing

Front 15

Pons

Back 15

*regulates sleep/wake transitions, stages of sleep, rate & pattern of breathing

Front 16

Cerebellum

Back 16

*coordinates some body movements
*receives info from brain & sensors in uscles & joints to cause smooth movements & guide body position
*fine coordination, diving

Front 17

Midbrain

Back 17

*small area of brain, contains the reticular formation

Front 18

Reticular formation

Back 18

*relay center that recieves info from many areas of the body & the brain, filters or screen it before it reaches the conscious brain

Front 19

Forebrain

Back 19

aka cerebrum

Front 20

Thalamus

Back 20

*sends info from body to limibic system & cerebal cortex
*also sends info from cerebellum & limbic systen to cerebrum

Front 21

Limbic system

Back 21

*arc-shaped structures
*produce emotions, drives, & primitive behaviors
ex. fear, anger, hunger, thirst, pleasure, sexual response/helps form memories

Front 22

Hypothalamus

Back 22

*"under thalamus", small
*contains neurosecretory cells that make/release horomones
*helps control autonomic nervous system
*helps maintain homeostasis (control body temp., amount H2O, food intake, sleep/wake cycle)

Front 23

Amygdala

Back 23

*contains neurons that give sensation of pleasure, fear, sexual pleasure when stimulated
*more active during teen years, so teens tend to use emotional rather than reason(logic) to make decisions

Front 24

Hippocampus

Back 24

*can cause emotions: rage, sexual response
*helps form long-term memory is important for learning

Front 25

Cerebral cortex

Back 25

*outer layer of cerebrum or forebrain
*gray matter receives sensory info
*cerebral cortex & most of forebrain underneath it are divided in half - 2 cerebral hemispheres (left & right)

Front 26

Corpus callosum

Back 26

*bundle of axons by which 2 hempispheres communicate

Front 27

Convolutions

Back 27

*wrinkles, gyra
*neurons that are formed on the cerebral cortex that greatly increase the surface area of human brain

Front 28

Frontal lobes

Back 28

*speeche, higher intellectual thought, agression control, future planning

Front 29

Parietal lobes

Back 29

*sensory area

Front 30

Occipital lobes

Back 30

*vision

Front 31

Temporal lobes

Back 31

*memory, language comprehension, hearing

Front 32

Primary sensory area of cerebral cortex

Back 32

*converts info from sensory organs into impressions

Front 33

Association area of cerebral cortex

Back 33

*interprets info from sensory organs into recognizable material or objects
ex. sound-is it siren, voice, music...?
visual-is it a cat, word on a page...?

Front 34

Primary motor area of cerebral cortex

Back 34

*command complex movements to occur

Front 35

Parkinson's

Back 35

*brain disorder where there is not enough dopamine being made by cells of the substantia nigra of brain
*lack of coordinated movements

Front 36

Alzheimer's

Back 36

*brain disorder where there is a build up of protein (beta-amyloid) plaques
*losing memory

Front 37

Mechanoreceptors

Back 37

*sensory receptor(neurons_ that detects movement, gravity, pressure, touch

Front 38

Stroke

Back 38

*may cause damage to one area of the brain but may by compensated for by training neurons in other area/hemisphere of brain - new pathways

Front 39

How many spinal nerves & cranial nerves are in humans?

Back 39

*31 pairs of spinal nerves
*12 pairs of cranial nerves (go directly to brain)

Front 40

What is the purpose of convolutions of cerebral cortex?

Back 40

*greatly increase the surface area of human brain

Front 41

What do the left & right hemispheres of cerebrum control?

Back 41

*Left cerebral hemisphere: controls right side of body (below the head), language, math, writing, logic
*right cerebral hemisphere: controls left side of body(below head), music & art, spatial perception

Front 42

How do PET scans work to show brain activity?

Back 42

(possitron emission topography)
*uses radioactive glucose to show which area of brain is most metabolically active(uses most energy)during certain task

Front 43

How do fMRI scans work to show brain activity?

Back 43

(functional magnetic resonance imaging)
*prodices a moving picture showing which part of brain is most active by measuring oxygen in brain

Front 44

What are the mechanisms involved in the formation of working memory?

Back 44

(short term)
*achieved by repeated activity along a specific neural circuit or pathways
*sometimes involves temporay biochemical change(neurotransmiter) or strong synapse connections

Front 45

What are the mechanisms involved in the formation of long-term memory?

Back 45

*achieved by formation of long-term(somewhat permanant) synapse connections, or by strengthening weak connections, or by increasing the release of neurotransmitters or number of receptors

Front 46

What 2 parts of the brain help us learn and retrieve memories?

Back 46

*temporal loves of cerebral cortex are very important in memory recall
*hippocampus: in both hemispheres of temperal lobes, helps with learning memories; damages to hippocampus inpmacts transfer or working memory to long-term memory
ex. lack of recognition of some person day after day

Front 47

What was learned from Phineas Gage's accident?

Back 47

1848- dramatic injury to his frontal lobes
*before injury-pleasant, hard working
*after injury-short tempered, unable to plan ahead