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DNA Pairing

A=T


C=G

RNA Pairing

A=U


G=C

Nucleotide components

Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base, Sugar

There are 3

Five Nitrogenous Bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

How DNA is Organized

Highly coiled to fit in the nucleus


8 histones+DNA=Nucleosome


Bunch of nucleosomes=chromatin


Coiled chromatin makes up chromosomes


Histone

Proteins that assist DNA coiling

Chromatin

A bunch of nucleosomes (coils the coil)

Chromosome

Coiled chromatin

Sister Chromatids

Two pieces of a replicated chromosome



Identical and connect at the centromere

Centromere

Where two replicated chromosomes connect

Diploid

Equal number of copies of chromosomes from each parent

Karyotype

Images of chromosomes in a typical human cell

Sex Chromosomes

X and Y



One from each parent

Autosomes

Non-sex chromosomes

Mutation

A mistake that occurs in replication that never gets fixed

DNA Replication

1. Initiator proteins bind and attract other proteins


2. Topoisomerase unwinds helix


3. Helicase breaks Hydrogen bonds, single stranded binding proteins prevent strands coming back together, each strand pairless


4. RNA primers added to start pairing process, tell next enzyme where to start


5. DNA polymerase binds and builds , adding nucleotides across existing strands


6. RNA primers replaced with DNA


7. DNA Ligase joins segments from lagging strand


1-initiate


2-topo (two=topo)


Helicase-H bonds (H&H)


Last-ligase (L&L)

Types of Cloning

Natural-splitting an embryo in half; identical twins



Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer-remove and discard nucleus of egg cell, remove nucleus of somatic cell from individual to be cloned, place somatic nucleus in empty egg cell, implant and let develop