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227 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where do the light dependant reactions take place?
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in the thylakoids
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In the light dependant reaction when sunlight and H2O get together what is porduced?
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oxygen
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In the light independant reactions, when carbon dioxide and water get together what is produced?
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glucose
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What type of energy is produced from light-dependant reactions?
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energized carriers of ATP and NADPH
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What type of enrgy is produced from light-independant reactions? (2)
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ADP and NADP+
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Where do light-independant reactions take place?
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stroma
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what is the reaction of photosynethesis that converts light energy to chemical bond energy in ATP and NADPH?
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light reaction
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in a light reaction what is converted to chemical energy?
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solar energy
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Whwre do the light reactions take place?
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thylakoid membranes
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what do the light reations convert?
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NADP+ to NADPH
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In light reactions, what is split to release oxygen?
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water
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In the light dependant reaction what does water, NADP+ and ADP produce? (3)
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oxygen NADPH and ATP
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in the light dependant reaction what do two water molecules produce? (3)
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4 H+ 4 electrons and oxygen
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what is the high energy electron carrier?
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NADPH
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What is nicotinamide adenine dinucleoide phosphante?
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NADPH
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the fluid filled space outside the thylakoids and inside the inner chloroplast membranes
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stroma
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What is the site of the light independant reactions?
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stroma
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In the light independant reactions what does CO2, ATP, water and NADH produce? (3)
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glucose (C6H12O6) ADP and NADP+
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what is electromagnetic energy?
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light
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What two properties does light energy have?
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wave and particle like
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what are discrete particles/packets?
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phtons
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At what point on the electromagnetic spectrum are gamma rays?
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10^-3 mm
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What portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible light?
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400nm to 750 nm
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Name the things on the electromagnetic spectrum from shortest to longest. (7)
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gamma rays, x-rays, UV, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves
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wht are substances that absorb visible light?
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pigments
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What is the pigment which is the key light-capturing molecule in the thylakoid membrane?
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chlrophyll
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What are the other photosynthetic pigments called?
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accessory pigments
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What are the three major pigments involved in absorbing light energy for use in photosynthesis?
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chlorophyll a, chlrophyll b, and cartenoids
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the optimum wavelength at which a pigment will absorb light is known as the?
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absortion spectrum
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what are the assemblies which turn light energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes?
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photosystems
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What are the three components of a photosystem?
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light harvesting complex, reactions center chlorpphyll and electron transport system
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What are the two types of photosystems whithin the thylakoid membrane?
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photosystem 1 and phtosystem 2
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The light dependant reaction transforms what type of energy into what type of energy?
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light energy to chemical energy
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the use of solar energy to add the third phosphate to ADP is known as what ?
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photophosphorylation
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As the electrons flow down the PS-II elctron transport system how is ATP generated?
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photphosphorlyation
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Which photosystem generates ATP?
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phtosystem II
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Where do all of phtosystem I and II's reactions occur?
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the thylakoid membrane
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What is pumped from the outside of the stroma to whithin the thylakoid interior?
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H+ ions
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When H+ ions are pumped outside the stroma and into the thylakoid interior what will eventually happen?
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there will be a low concentartion of H+ ions in the stroma and a high concentration whithin the thylakoid
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How is H= rleased out?
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through channel proteins
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the coupling of electron flow down an electron transport chain to ATP production by creation of a gradient across the membrane is known as?
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chemisosmosis
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What drives ATP synthesis as protons diffuse back across the thylakoid membrane?
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the proton gradient
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PS-II generates ATP by what?
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chromosomes
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What does PS-I generate?
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NADPH
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What do both PS-I and PS-II act as?
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sources of stored chemical energy
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In the light-independant reactionthe chemical energy stored from the light-dependant reaction is used to make what?
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glucose
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carbon dioxide, ATP,water and NADPH produce what in the light independant reations? (3)
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C8H12O6, ADP and NADP+
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what is the most abundant protein?
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rubisco
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What is the cycle of reactions in phtosynthesis in which atmospheric carbon CO2 is fixed using ATP and NADPH?
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the calvin-Benson cycle
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What is another name for the Calvin-Benson cycle?
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the C3 cycle
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Where does the calvin-benson cycle take place?
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the chlroplast stroma
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What provides all of the energy required for the calvin-benson cycle? (2)
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NADPH and ATP
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What are the three pahases of the calvin-benson cycle?
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Carbon fixation
G3P synthesis and regeneration of ribulose biphosphate |
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In the calvin-benson cycle how does carbon fixation take place?
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throigh stromata in the leaves
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Int he calvin-benson cycle what two things are used to produce G3P?
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ATP and NADPH
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In the calvin-Benson cyckes the regenration of what requires 2 sugar carbons to be shuffled around to make 6 5-carbon sugars?
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ribulose biphosphate
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In the regenration of ribulose biphosphate in the calvin-benson cycle, 3-carbon sugars are used to form what?
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glucose
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in the calvin benson cycle 6 carbon dioxides 18 ATPs 12 NADPHs 12 water molecules and 12 H+ produce what? (4)
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1 C6H12O6, 18 ADPs, 18 Pi (inorganic molecules) and 12 NADP+
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How many ATPs and NADPHs does one glucose molecule consume?
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18;12
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in the calvin benson cycle, what returns to the light reaction? (2)
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ATP and NADP+
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What two things does photosynthesis require?
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carbon dioxide and light
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What are the openings in leaves which carbon dioxide eneter through in known as what?
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stomata
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When do the stomata open?
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when water is adequete
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when do stomata close?
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when water is lacking
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Why do stomata close?
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to reduce evaporization
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What is the enzyme that catalyses the reaction of RuBP w/ carbon dioxide?
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ribulose 1,5 - biphosphate
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What is a carboxylase/oxyganase?
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RuBP
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What can cause either the carbon dioxide or oxygen to react with RuBP?
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RuBisCO
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what is the process where oxygen is combined with RuBP to generate carbon dioxide?
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photorepiration
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What does not produce useful cellular energy and prevents the synthesis of glucose?
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photorespiration
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What is dominant during the hot dry weather when the stomata are closed?
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photorespiration
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What kind of plants reduce photorespiration by a two stage carbon-fixation process?
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C4 plants
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What have evolved a way to reduce photorespiration and boost photsynthesis?
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C4 plants
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What type of plants have chlroplasts only mesophyll and bundle sheath cells?
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C3 plants
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What type of plants have chroplasts both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells?
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C4 plants
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C4 plants have a 2-stage carbon fixation pathway known as?
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C4 pathway
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In C4 plants, mesophyll cells contain what instead of RuBP?
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3-carbon molecule - phosphonlyruvate (PEP)
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CO2 reacts with PEP to form what?
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4-carbon molecule
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What is highly specfic for carbon dioxide even in the presence of high oxygen concentrations?
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enzymes
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What serves to get carbon into the bundle sheath cells from mesophyll cells?
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malate
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malate concentrates carbon where?
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in the bundle sheath cells
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What does the high carbon concentration in bundle sheath cells allow?
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the regular C3 cycle to proceed with less competition from oxygen
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After deleivering carbon dioxide malate form what?
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pyruvate
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After the malate forms the pyruvate which returns to the mesophyll cells to form what?
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PEP
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Energy from what is used to make PEP?
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ATP
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Which type of plants use more energy to produce glucose?
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C4 plants
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When are C4 plants most efficient?
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when light is abundant and water is defecient
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When are C3 plants most efficient?
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when water is plantiful and light levels are low
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Where do C4 plants thrive?
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deserts and hot drier areas
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What are three examples of C4 plants?
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corn sorghum and sugarcane
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name three examples of C3 plants.
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trees, wheat, and oat
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What sort of enviroment do C3 plants grow in?
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cool wet and cloudy enviroments
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What is done with the chemicals whithin an ecosystem?
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they are recycled
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What two things are glucose broken down into?
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carbon dioxide and energy
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What is the removal of energy from organic molecules and storage as ATP?
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respiration
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What sort of energy is released when a bond is broken?
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ATP
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What does C6H12O6 + 6 molecules of oxygen produce when broken down? (3 things)
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6 molecules of CO2, 6 molecules of water and energy in the form of ATP and heat
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What is the harvest of chemical energy by oxidising glucose to pyruvate?
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glycolysis
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What is the catbolic pathway during which a 6-carbon glucose is split into 2 three carbon sugars, which are then rearranged by a stepwise process that produces 2 pyruvis acid molecules?
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glycolysis
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What sort of pathway is glycolysis?
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catabolic
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In glycolys, a 6-carbon glucose is split into what?
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2 three carbon sugars
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In glycolysis the 2 three carbon sugars formed after the split of a 6 carbon sugar is rearranged to produce what?
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2 pyruvic acid molecules
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what is a multi-step pathway that takes place in the cytoplasm?
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glycolysis
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what process splits a glucose into a pyruvate?
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glycolysis
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What two phases do the reaction of glycolysis occur in?
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glucose activation phase and the energy harvest phase
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which phase of glycolysis uses cellular ATP tp phospholate glycolysis intermediates?
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glucose activation
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How many ATP molecules are used per glucose to change it to a highly reactive fructose biphosphate?
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2
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In the glucose activation stage of glycolysis, 2 ATPs are used per glucose to change it to a highly reactive what?
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fructose biphosphate
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Which glycolysis process produces ATP?
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energy harvest
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In the energy harvest portion of glycolysis, how may ATPs are produced per glucose?
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4
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In the energy harvest aspect of glycolysis, 2 molecules of NAD+ and NADPH per glucose produce what?
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2 ATP molecules
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If there is no oxygen present from the pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis what do they go through?
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fermentation
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What does anarobic mean?
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a reaction can take place withou oxygen
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fermentation can take place without what?
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oxygen
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There is no ATP produced in which chemical process?
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fermentation
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Fermentation regenrates what?
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NAD+
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What does fermentation result in ?
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the partial degradation of sugars
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what are the 2 most common products of pyruvate reduction?
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ethanol or lactic acid
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What are the two types of fermentation?
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alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
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what is produced in alcholic fermentation/
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2 ethanol and 2 carbon dioxide
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what is produced in lactate fermentaion?
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2 lactate
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Where does fermentation take place?
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outside of the stroma in the cytoplasm
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If there is oxygen around the pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis go through what?
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cellular respiration
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In cellular respiration organic compounds and oxygen produce what? (3)
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carbon dioxide water and energy
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What sort of energy is produced in cellular respiration?
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ATP
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hat does cellular respiration result in?
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the complete degradation of sugars
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cellular respiration is a cumlative function of what three things?
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glycolysis, the krebs cycle and elctron transport
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What are the three metabolic stages of cellular respiration?
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glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorlation
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what are two other names for the Krebs cycle?
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Citric Acid ot TCA cycle
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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in the cytoplasm
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Glycolysis partially oxidizes glucose in to what?
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2 pyruvic acid molecules (C3)
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Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
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in the mitochondrial matrix
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What does the citric acid cycle complete?
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the breakdown of glucose that the glycolysis started
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What are the three products of the citric acid cycle? (3)
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NADPH FADH and a small amount of ATP
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The small amount of ATP generated in the citric acid cycle is generated by what?
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substartes level phosphorlation
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Where is the electron transport system located?
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in the inner mitochondrial matrix
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In the electron transport system what type of energy molecules are accepted?
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NADH to FADH
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what does the electron transport system use the energy from electron transfers to make?
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ATP
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How does the electron transport system make ATP?
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oxidative phosphorlation
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Oxidative Phosphorylation in the electron transport system produces what percetn of the ATP in cellular respiration?
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90
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What completes the energy yierlding oxidation of organic molecules?
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the krebs cycle
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what is the reaction that connects glycolysis to the krebs cycle?
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the bridge reaction
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What does the bridge reaction convert pyruvic acid to?
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acetyl CoA
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
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the mitochondria
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In the krebs cycle NADH is produced from what?
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NAD+
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In the krebs cycle how many molecules of NADH are produced per glucose?
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2
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In the krebs cycle the attachment of coenzyme A forms what?
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acetyl CoA
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Who discovered the Krebs cycle?
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Hans Krebs
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where does the krebs cycle take place?
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the mitochondrial matrix
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How many pyruvates are gained from one glucose?
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2
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what three things do we get from each pyruvate?
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1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH
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For every molecule of glucose enetering glycolysis, how many pyruvates are formed?
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2
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How many turns of the Kreb cycle are needed to breakdown 1 glucose molecule?
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2
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C6H12O6 + 10 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 4 Pi + 2 FAD+ + 2water molecules will give what? (5)
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6 carbon dioxide molecules 10 NADH + 10 H+ + 4 ATP + 2 FADH2
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All of the energy of the krebs cycyle is store din what two energy carriers?
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NADH and FADH2
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The inner mitochondrial membrane couples electron transport to what?
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ATP synthesis
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The energy stored as electrons in NADH and FADH2 is harvested by the passage of electrons through what?
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the electron transport system
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What is the energy coupling mechanism?
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chemeosmosis
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The electron transport chain doesn't make what source of energy directly?
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ATP
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The elsctron transport chain generates what across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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a proton gradient
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the coupling of exergonic electron flow down an electron transport chain to endergonic ATP production by the creation of a proton gradient across a membrane is known as?
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chemeosmsis
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The proton gradient rives what kind of synthesis as the protons diffuse back across the membrane?
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ATP
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What is the site of chemeosmosis ATP synthesis?
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inner mitochondrial membrane
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For every NADH that feeds into the electron transport chain how many protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the outside of the inner membrane?
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3
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For every FADH2 that feeds into the elctron transport chain how many protons are moved from the inner mitochondrial matrix to the outside of the inner membrane?
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2
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For every proton that crosses back into the mitochondrial matrix one ATP is synthesized by what?
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ATP synthase
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Glycolysis, the Kreb's Cyscle and the elctron transport chin combined start with C6H12O6, 36 ADP and 6 O2 and end up with>
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6 molecules of carbon dioxide, 36 ATP, and forty two molecules of water
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Glycolysis and the krebs cycle are at a what?
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metabolic crossroads
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What can accept most of the macromolecules found in food?
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cellular respiration
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In what are most polysacchrides broken down into either fructose or glucose?
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carbohydrates
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Glycerol can enter glycolysis at the start of the energy yielding step for what?
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fats
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What are broken down to a 2-carbon acetyl groups and eneter the krebs cycle?
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fatty acids
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What are hydrolized to amino acids, and the amino group is removed and enter at pyruvic acid or bridge reactios or the krebs cycle?
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proteins
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cells can switch off the pathway they dont need trhough what?
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feedback inibition
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The ratio of ATP/ADP reflects the energy state of a cell; so what energy carrier needs to be higher for it to be a higher ration?
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ATP
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The key regulatory point is in what?
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glycolysis
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What are for information storage and transmission?
|
nucleic acids
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What are the units of herdity and are made of nucleic acid (DNA)
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genes
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What are polymers of nucleotides linked togetherby dehydration synthesis reactions?
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nucleic acids
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What are the building block molecules of a nucleic acid and are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base?
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nucleotides
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What do the sugar and phosphat groups form on the DNA?
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the nucleic acid backbone
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What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?
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prrimidines and purines
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What are nitrogenous bases chracterized by a 6-membrerd ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms?
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pyrimidines
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What are the two pyrimidines?
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thymine and cytosine
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The ratio of ATP/ADP reflects the energy state of a cell; so what energy carrier needs to be higher for it to be a higher ration?
|
ATP
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The key regulatory point is in what?
|
glycolysis
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What are for information storage and transmission?
|
nucleic acids
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What are the units of herdity and are made of nucleic acid (DNA)
|
genes
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What are polymers of nucleotides linked togetherby dehydration synthesis reactions?
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nucleic acids
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What are the building block molecules of a nucleic acid and are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base?
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nucleotides
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What do the sugar and phosphat groups form on the DNA?
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the nucleic acid backbone
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What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?
|
prrimidines and purines
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The ratio of ATP/ADP reflects the energy state of a cell; so what energy carrier needs to be higher for it to be a higher ration?
|
ATP
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What are nitrogenous bases chracterized by a 6-membrerd ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms?
|
pyrimidines
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The key regulatory point is in what?
|
glycolysis
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What are the two pyrimidines?
|
thymine and cytosine
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What are for information storage and transmission?
|
nucleic acids
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What are the units of herdity and are made of nucleic acid (DNA)
|
genes
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What are polymers of nucleotides linked togetherby dehydration synthesis reactions?
|
nucleic acids
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What are the building block molecules of a nucleic acid and are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base?
|
nucleotides
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What do the sugar and phosphat groups form on the DNA?
|
the nucleic acid backbone
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What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?
|
prrimidines and purines
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What are nitrogenous bases chracterized by a 6-membrerd ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms?
|
pyrimidines
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What are the two pyrimidines?
|
thymine and cytosine
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What are the ntrogenous bases chracterized by a 5-membered ring fused to a 6 membered ring where both rings are made up of crabon and nitrogen atoms?
|
purines
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What are two examples of purines?
|
adenine and guanine
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In the mid 1920s, Griffith working with Stretochoccus Pnemoniae demonstrated that genetic material could be transferred from what to what?
|
bacteria to bacteria
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What is the assimilation of external genetic material by the cell?
|
transformation
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What is composed of DNA and proteins?
|
chromosomes
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What is denatured by heat?
|
proteins
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In a eukaryotic cell the DNA content doubles prior to what?
|
cell division
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during cell division the doubled DNa is divided equally between what?
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2 daughter cells
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Dna is found to be less what than originally thought?
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uniform
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In 1947 what did chragaff used to seperate the bases of the DNA from diffrent species?
|
paper chromatology
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What did Chaagaff find out pertaining to base composition?
|
that it varied between species
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What does it mean if the ratio varies?
|
there is more diversity
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What are CHargaff's two rules?
|
A=T and G=C
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Bases are connected through what?
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hydrogen bonds
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A-t and C-g are called what?
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complementary pairs
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DNa backbone is made up of what two things?
|
a sugar and a phosphate
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The two strands of DNA run opposite of one another and therefore called what?
|
antiparralel
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How discovered the double helix?
|
watson and crick
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What is the diffrence of nm btween the top of the backbone?
|
2.0
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What is the diffrence in nm between the indiviudal monomers?
|
.34
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Maurice Wilkins Rosaline Franklin aided who in finding what?
|
watson and crick in finding the double helix
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How many hydrogen bonds do A-T form?
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2
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How many hydrogen bonds do C-G form?
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3
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