Biology Test 3

Front 1

__________ developed the principles and foundation for inheritance.

Back 1

Gregor Mendel

Front 2

______ is a segment of DNA that codes for a trait.

Back 2

Gene

Front 3

________ are different forms of a gene.

Back 3

Alleles

Front 4

________ is a physical appearance of a trait.

Back 4

Phenotype

Front 5

_______ are AA, Aa, and aa.

Back 5

Genotypes

Front 6

________ are when two alleles are the same.

Back 6

Homozygous; AA and aa

Front 7

________ are when two alleles are different.

Back 7

Heterzygous; Aa

Front 8

F1 is the _____________.

Back 8

first generation

Front 9

F2 is the ___________.

Back 9

second generation

Front 10

P is the _____________.

Back 10

parental generation

Front 11

A is the _______________.

Back 11

dominant allele

Front 12

a is the _____________.

Back 12

recessive allele

Front 13

In ____________ neither a or A is dominant.

Back 13

incomplete dominance

Front 14

In _____________ both A and a are dominant.

Back 14

co-dominance

Front 15

One trait can have one gene with ____________.

Back 15

multiple alleles

Front 16

An example of mutiple alleles is ___________.

Back 16

blood type

Front 17

With regards to sex chromosomes what is the designation for females?

Back 17

XX

Front 18

With regards to sex chromosomes what is the designation for males?

Back 18

XY

Front 19

_________ are somatic cells.

Back 19

Diploid

Front 20

________ are sex cells.

Back 20

Haploid

Front 21

____________ is a single trait cross.

Back 21

Monohybrid cross

Front 22

_______ is a two trait cross.

Back 22

Dihybrid cross

Front 23

In blood type, ___ and ___ are co-dominant and __ is recessive to both.

Back 23

A,B,O

Front 24

________ deals with two non-allelic genes, one gene interferes with the expression of the other.

Back 24

Epistasis

Front 25

If a disease is autosomal recessive what is the genotype of the diseased person?

Back 25

aa

Front 26

If a disease is autosomal dominant what is genotype of the diseased person?

Back 26

Aa, AA

Front 27

Why are sex linked diseases more common in males?

Back 27

Because a male only gets one allele so he can not be a carrier.

Front 28

What is the structure of DNA?

Back 28

Helix

Front 29

How is DNA replicated?

Back 29

In mitosis during interphase (S phase).

Front 30

______ is the genetic material.

Back 30

DNA

Front 31

What organisms did Griffith work with in the Transformation experiment?

Back 31

He worked with mice and two strains of bacteria one was pathogenic and the otehr was not pathogenic.

Front 32

What was the basic setup of his experiment?

Back 32

He mixed heat killed pathogenic bacteria with non-pathogenic bacteria and injected it into the mouse. The mouse died and heat killed the protein but not the DNA.

Front 33

Why were "heat killed" streptococcus pneumoniae important?

Back 33

B/c the heat killed protein but not the DNA.

Front 34

A _________ is a small blood sample.

Back 34

karotype

Front 35

In the Hershey Chase experiment, Meselson & Stahl used E.coli and ______________.

Back 35

bacteriophage

Front 36

In the Hershey Chase experiment they labeled the viruses with _____________ and ____________.

Back 36

radioactive phosphorous (DNA) and radioactive sulfur (protein)

Front 37

What was the most important finding in the Hershey Chase experiment?

Back 37

That DNA went into E.coli therefore DNA is genetic material.

Front 38

Structure of DNA is given credit to ________ and _________.

Back 38

Watson, Crick

Front 39

What does a double helix contain?

Back 39

2 strands of nucleotides, antiparallel strands, complentary bases, and 5' and 3' ends.

Front 40

What is semi-conservative replication?

Back 40

Every piece that is replicated is half new and half old.

Front 41

When, in the cell cycle, does replication occur?

Back 41

S phase

Front 42

Where do new nucleotides come from?

Back 42

dGTP, dCTP, dTTP, and dATP

Front 43

How are errors in replication often caught and corrected?

Back 43

It is caught by proofreading enzymes and it is corrected with repair enzymes.

Front 44

People with xeroderma pigmentosum are lacking _____________.

Back 44

repair enzymes for thymine dimers

Front 45

What is a thymine dimer?

Back 45

One type of damage to the DNA

Front 46

What causes formation of thymine dimers?

Back 46

UV on skin

Front 47

How does DNA unify life?

Back 47

Because all organisms have the same bases.

Front 48

How does DNA differ from one organism to another?

Back 48

Because the sequence of the mitrogen bases are different.

Front 49

What is the enzyme used in transcription?

Back 49

RNA polymerase

Front 50

DNA is ________ stranded and RNA is _________ stranded.

Back 50

double; single

Front 51

_______ is the base found only in RNA.

Back 51

Uracil

Front 52

DNA and RNA are both made in the __________.

Back 52

nucleus

Front 53

DNA never leaves the nucleus but RNA does. Where does it go after it leaves the nucleus?

Back 53

cytoplasm

Front 54

____________ makes mRNA from DNA.

Back 54

Transcription

Front 55

What three things must be done to modify pre-mRNA so that it becomes finished mRNA?

Back 55

1. splicing/removing introns
2. add a guanosine cap
3. add a poly-A tail

Front 56

What are exons?

Back 56

DNA that codes for important protein.

Front 57

What are introns?

Back 57

junk DNA

Front 58

Each codon specifies what?

Back 58

3 nucleotide bases

Front 59

How do you know what tRNA should be first?

Back 59

The first tRNA must have an anti-codon that is complentary to the first codon.

Front 60

Translation is another word for _____________.

Back 60

protein synthesis

Front 61

A __________ is a change in the DNA which could affect the RNA.

Back 61

mutation

Front 62

What mutation only affects one base?

Back 62

Point

Front 63

_____________ is a mutation where one bases of DNA is replaced by a different base.

Back 63

Base pair substitution

Front 64

____________ is a mutation where a base is deleted or an extra is inserted.

Back 64

Frame shift

Front 65

Why is frmae shift the most serious mutation?

Back 65

Because it will change the entire reading frame of mRNA.

Front 66

Is a mutation in an intron important?

Back 66

No

Front 67

What is the difference between translation and transcription?

Back 67

Transcription happens when you transcribe the DNA which means you are making mRNA. Translation is when you put the amino acids in order.

Front 68

Transcription occurs in the _________ and translation occurs in the __________.

Back 68

nucleus, cytoplasm

Front 69

Are Okazaki fragments made during transcription?

Back 69

No they are only made during replication.

Front 70

_____________ are the techniques that allow us to manipulate DNA.

Back 70

Molecular Toolkit

Front 71

________ is a way to make a lot of DNA fast and cheap.

Back 71

PCR

Front 72

PCR requires what?

Back 72

A DNA of interest
Taq polymerase
thermal cycler
primers
deoxynucleotides

Front 73

What is unique about Taq polymerase?

Back 73

It can withstand high temperatures.

Front 74

Why does the machine raise and lower temperature repeatedly in PCR?

Back 74

Because it heats DNA so the strands separate and when it cools primers attach to the DNA.

Front 75

_____________ are used to cut DNA in a controlled fashion and makes sticky ends on the DNA.

Back 75

Restriction enzymes

Front 76

Restriction enzymes often cut in _______________.

Back 76

palindrome sequences

Front 77

What are palindrome sequences?

Back 77

Sequences that can be read the same way backward and forward.

Front 78

_____________ is DNA from two organisms that have been joined.

Back 78

Recombinant DNA

Front 79

A __________ is a plasmid or virus that carries a foreign gene.

Back 79

cloning vector

Front 80

_________ is circular DNA.

Back 80

Plasmid

Front 81

To get E.coli to make human growth hormones ____ has to be used beacue humans have introns.

Back 81

cDNA

Front 82

_________+ __________=cDNA

Back 82

reverse transcriptase, mRNA

Front 83

What are the two types of DNA?

Back 83

Genomic and cDNA

Front 84

A genomic library starts with ______and a cDNA library starts with ______.

Back 84

whole DNA, mRNA

Front 85

_________ library conatins introns and exons.

Back 85

Genomic

Front 86

A __________ is a model for human disease and gene function.

Back 86

knockout mice

Front 87

A _________ is all the DNA sequences for a series.

Back 87

genome

Front 88

What is RFLP?

Back 88

Restriction fragment lenght polymerase; the process of making DNA fingerprints

Front 89

_________ library just contains exons.

Back 89

cDNA

Front 90

________ is the most famous restriction enzyme.

Back 90

EcoRI

Front 91

_________ is the machine used in PCR.

Back 91

Thermal cycler

Front 92

What is pleiotopy?

Back 92

When one gene affects many traits
ex. frizzled feathers

Front 93

________ are many genes in one trait.

Back 93

polygenic traits

Front 94

__________are two genes on same chromosome.

Back 94

Linkage groups

Front 95

What is the most common genetic disease?

Back 95

cystic fibrosis

Front 96

What is the most famous autosomal dominant disease?

Back 96

Huntington's Chorea

Front 97

Hemophilia and color blindness are __________ traits.

Back 97

sex-linked

Front 98

____________ is used to look for things such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.

Back 98

Genetic screening

Front 99

Cystic fibrosis ia a autosomal ________ trait.

Back 99

recessive

Front 100

Old DNA is also called ___________ DNA because it gives the format for making new DNA.

Back 100

template

Front 101

The __________separates the two strands.

Back 101

helicase

Front 102

Why are primers used when replicated DNA?

Back 102

B/c the bases tell where to start.

Front 103

Primers are made of ______.

Back 103

RNA

Front 104

What does DNA polymerase do?

Back 104

Adds new nucleotides in a complentary fashion

Front 105

______________ can only work in the 5' to 3' direction of a new strand.

Back 105

DNA polymerase

Front 106

When replicated DNA, okazaki fragments are made as ___________.

Back 106

new DNA

Front 107

_________ joins Okazaki fragments together.

Back 107

DNA Ligase

Front 108

Tell the story of DNA replication.

Back 108

First the template DNA gives the format for making DNA and then the helicase separates the 2 strands and then primers are added to tell the bases that tell where to start and then DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides in a complementary fashion and then the DNA Ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together.

Front 109

How do you make a library?

Back 109

1. cut up DNA with restriction enzymes
2. put the fragments into plasmids
3.put plasmids back into E.coli

Front 110

In libraries, the _______ is specific for certain genes.

Back 110

probe

Front 111

In _______________, when you insert a chosen gene into an organism to cure a disease.

Back 111

gene therapy

Front 112

What are some genetically engineered organisms?

Back 112

golden rice, cotton in Arizona, bacteria that provides insulin, growth, hormone, etc., and featherless chicken.

Front 113

What are the basic steps in cloning?

Back 113

1. From organism A, you take cells and grown them in a dish semi-starved
2. In organism B you remove egg cell and nucleus.
3.You fuse them together by electric shock which makes a nucleus.
4. You grow this in a dish for a few days and implant egg into organism C.