Biology Test 3

Front 1

Genetics

Back 1

The biology involved in the study of heredity and variation that occurs among individuals of the same species

Front 2

Gregor Mendel

Back 2

Austrian Monk

Studies to be a teacher of Science and Mathematics and FAILED

Front 3

Lamarckism

Back 3

Things you gain/learn and pass on

Front 4

Mendel's Hypothesis

Back 4

Switched ovaries from black guinea pig to a white one, and the white pigs had black offspring

Front 5

Heredity

Back 5

The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

Front 6

Variation

Back 6

The deviation from the parental type in structure, function, and behavior.

Front 7

Characters (Characteristics)

Back 7

Any attribute of an organism

EXAMPLE- Nose

Front 8

Traits

Back 8

Variation in a characteristic

EXAMPLE- Long nose

Front 9

Pure Bred

Back 9

Always expresses the same trait for a characteristic

Front 10

Gregor Mendel's Principles of Genetics

Back 10

I. Concept of unit characters

-For every characteristic there are two determining factors (genes)

Front 11

Gregor Mendel's Principles of Genetics

Back 11

II. Law of Dominance

-When two pure contrasting traits are crossed, only the dominant trait will appear in the next generation

Front 12

Phenotype

Back 12

What is looks like

Observable characteristics

Front 13

Genotype

Back 13

What factors does it have

Front 14

Dominant trait

Back 14

Usually the capital letter

Front 15

Zygote

Back 15

Fertilized cell

Front 16

Homozygous

Back 16

Same zygote

same trait for characteristics

Pure Bred --> (genotype)

TT

Front 17

Heterozygous

Back 17

Two Different zygotes

two different traits

hybrid

Mixed

Tt

Front 18

Punnet Square

Back 18

A grid system used in computing possible combinations of genes resulting from random fertilization

Front 19

Alleles

Back 19

One of two or more alternative genes that control the same characteristics and occupy the same place or similar chromosomes

Front 20

Law of Dominance

Back 20

Some alleles will dominate others in physical (phenotypic) expression.

Front 21

offspring

Back 21

kids

Front 22

Test Cross

Back 22

(Back Cross) a cross between 1) an experimental organism that has a dominant phenotype and 2) an organism with a recessive phenotype to determine the genotype of the dominant individual

Front 23

Law of Segregation

Back 23

When reproductive cells are formed, the factors separate and are distributed as units to each reproductive cell.

Front 24

Law of Independent Assortment

Back 24

GJM observed that non-contrasting traits are inherited independently of each other

(Non-contrasting characteristics are inherited independently of each other. That is the distributions of one pair of factors is independent of the distribution of the other pair.

Front 25

Incomplete Dominance

Back 25

Heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is intermediate between the two allele characteristics

aka Blending Inheritance

Front 26

Chromosomes

Back 26

colored bodies

Carries information to tell what organism will look like (genotype)

Front 27

How many chromosome do we have?

Back 27

46

23 pairs

Ride between 2000-3000 factors (genes)

Front 28

Mitosis

Back 28

Cell reproduction that occurs in most body cells (somatic) and about every 7 years there is a new YOU!

Located in Body Cells

End product-->46 Cells

Front 29

Meiois

Back 29

Cell Division that occurs in reproductive cells (gonads: testicles and ovaries) to produce gametes

End Product-->23 Cells

Front 30

Nucleus

Back 30

Contains the message of DNA

Front 31

Gene

Back 31

Factors

Front 32

Female Chromosomes

Back 32

XX

Front 33

Male Chromosomes

Back 33

XY

Front 34

Mutation

Back 34

a change in the genetic makeup resulting in a new characteristic that can be inherited

Sickle Cell

Dwarfism

Front 35

Sex Linked

Back 35

The gene for the mutation is carried on the x chromosome with no complimentary alleles on y chromosome.

Front 36

Process of Molecular Genetics

Back 36

Replication

Transcription

Translation

Front 37

Nucleotides

Back 37

CATG

Front 38

Down Syndrome

Back 38

a genetic disease characterized by mental deficiency, a broad face, slanting eyes, and a short fifth finger. It is caused by an additional autosome

Front 39

Cat Cry Syndrome

Back 39

Individuals that have portions of chromosome number 5 missing. They have weak vocal cords which results in a cry like a kitten

Front 40

Turner's Syndrome

Back 40

A genetic disorder in which there is only one sex chromosome, the XO condition. The afflicted individual is female but has abnormal body structure.

Front 41

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Back 41

A type of genetic disorder in which there is an extra X chromosome, giving an XXY karyotype. The afflicted individual is sterile and has underdeveloped male genitals

Front 42

Biotechnology

Back 42

any industrial or agricultural use or alteration of an organism's cells, molecules, body of practical goals.

Front 43

Eugenics

Back 43

the use of practices that influence the heredity of next generations.

Front 44

genetic engineering

Back 44

physical manipulation of the genetic code enhance the genome of the offspring.

change the genes in you body basically

snip out pieces, replace with another chunk of DNA

Front 45

Circle of life (Genetics)

Back 45

Fitness --> Power-->Control-->Meiosis-->Sex-->Recombination--> Variation

Front 46

Reproduction

Back 46

2 Types: Sexual & Asexual

A mechanism by which organisms give rise to other organisms of the same type (species)

Front 47

Asexual

Back 47

Formation of new individual from a single individual without specialized sex cells

Front 48

Sexual

Back 48

production of a new individual involving the paired union of specialized cells from two individuals

Front 49

Gametes

Back 49

Sex Cells (sperm and egg)

Front 50

Reproduction Life Cycle

Back 50

birth--> development-->maturation-->reproduction--> senescience-->death

Front 51

Gender

Back 51

masculine, feminine, or neuter androgenous

Front 52

sex

Back 52

male or female

Front 53

genital sex

Back 53

testicles or ovaries

Front 54

chromosomal sex

Back 54

XY or XX

Front 55

Phenotypical Sex

Back 55

mental image (self-perceptions)

Front 56

Sex assignment

Back 56

societal imposition

(what your mother tells you)

Front 57

Secondary Sex Characteristics (Female)

Back 57

12.5 years at menstruation

Mostly Estrogen

Front 58

Secondary Sex Characteristics (Male)

Back 58

14.5 Years at sperm and reproduction

Testosterone

Front 59

Testis

Back 59

One of the two male reproductive glands located in the scrotum; produces spermatozoa, testosterone, and inhibin

primary sex organ (produces gametes thru meiosis)

Front 60

Seminiferous Tubules

Back 60

100 yards.. tubules in the testes in which spermatozoa develop

Front 61

Epididymis

Back 61

elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis, site of storage and maturation of the spermatozoa

Front 62

vas deferens

Back 62

Duct of the testicle running from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

1 from each testicle

Front 63

Seminal Vesicle

Back 63

one of two glandular structures that empty into the ejaculatory duct. its secretion is one of the components of semen

bag storage like structure that holds sperm and adds sugar to the semen

Front 64

Prostate

Back 64

gland that surrounds the beginning of the urethra in the male; secretes a milky fluid that is discharged into the prostatic urethra as part of semen

Front 65

Ejaculatory Duct

Back 65

Duct formed by the union of the ductus deferens and the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle, opens into the prostatic urethra

leads the seminal fluid to the urethra

Front 66

Posterior Urethra

Back 66

where it unites with the duct from the bladder

leads to the outside

Front 67

Bulbourethral Gland

Back 67

Also known as Cowper's gland; located at the base of the penis; responsible for producing mucus to aid in lubrication

Front 68

anterior urethra

Back 68

pipe that goes thru penis itself to the outside

Front 69

scrotum

Back 69

sac containing the testes

Front 70

Ovary

Back 70

primary sex organ

endoctrine gland and produces female gametes

Front 71

infundibulum (ostium)

Back 71

opening of the oviduct

Front 72

uterus

Back 72

womb, it is a muscular body that holds the fetus

Front 73

fallopian tube

Back 73

tube that conducts the egg to the uterus

Front 74

cervix

Back 74

circular muscle that keeps the uterus closed, syphincter muscle

Front 75

vagina

Back 75

Genital canal in the female; organ of copulation extending from the uterus to the vulva

Front 76

Vaginal Orifice

Back 76

Opening to the Vagina

Front 77

vestibule

Back 77

opening from the outside to the vagina

Front 78

Labium minus

Back 78

inner lip (doorway)

glands of Bartholin

Front 79

Labium Majorus

Back 79

longer outer lips

Front 80

clitoris

Back 80

small penis

Front 81

rafe

Back 81

where the body comes together

Front 82

vulva

Back 82

where the pubic hair is

Front 83

spermatogenesis

Back 83

meiosis

Front 84

oogenesis

Back 84

1 egg or 4 sperm

Front 85

Growth

Back 85

Cell reproduction

enlargement of cell

Front 86

Morphogenesis

Back 86

tissue that are shaped into organs occurs by movement to form depressions and lumps

Front 87

Differentiation

Back 87

turning on and off of the biochemistry so that certain cells become proficient in doing certain tasks

Front 88

lightening

Back 88

5th month, fetus moves, 8 1/2 months, rotates head down

Front 89

Parturition

Back 89

act of giving birth

Front 90

oxytocin

Back 90

produce milk flow

Front 91

labor

Back 91

Dialation- opening of the uterus

Crowning- head shows

expulsion- head comes out

Placental Stage- placenta releases from the uterine wall

Front 92

STDs

Back 92

pubic lice-parasite

scabies- mite

genital warts- virus

syphillis- theyonema