Biology Test 3

Front 1

Biological Diversity

Back 1

variety & diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level

Front 2

What are some things that prove it is living?

Back 2

cellular organization
sensitivity
growth
development
reproduction
regulation
homeostasis
heredity

Front 3

living organisms classified into groups:

Back 3

taxonomy / Binomial nomeclature

Front 4

Characteristics in taxonomy can be used to identify unknown species.

Back 4

Dichotomous key

Front 5

Study dichotomous key for leaves

Back 5

compound/simple
arrangement/leaflets
leaflet shape
arrangement of leaf veins
overall shape
appearance of leaf edge

Front 6

Highest level of organization

Back 6

Domain

Front 7

3 domains:

Back 7

methanogens
extremophiles
non extreme archaea

Front 8

Domains are

Back 8

monophyletic

Front 9

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes... E

Back 9

Eukaryotes:
compartmentalized cells- organelles via endosymbiosis
multicellularity( not all)
sexual reproduction

Front 10

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes... P

Back 10

check graph.

Front 11

Kingdoms monophyletic?

Back 11

Yes: plantae, fungi, animalia,
no: protista

Front 12

Two Groups of Prokaryote

Back 12

Archaea & Bacteria

Front 13

what is prokaryote:

Back 13

unicellularity
cell size
Chromosome size/structure
cell division&genetic recombination
lack of internal compartmentalization
flagella
metabolic diversity

Front 14

Kingdom/Domain Bacteria is diff from Archaea.
Unique characteristics:

Back 14

cell wall content: peptidoglycan in bacteria; presence of capsule
plasma membrane structure
DNA replication&gene expression mechanisms

Front 15

Unique characteristics contd. :
3 basic bacterial shapes:

Back 15

bacillus
coccus
spirillum

Front 16

Unique characteristics contd. :

Back 16

flagella & pili
internal organization- membranes, nucleoid, ribosomes.

Front 17

Bacteria wide variety of metabolic pathways:

Back 17

photoautotrophs
chemolithoautotrophs
photoheterotrophs
chemoheterotrophs

Front 18

Classification of Bacteria has been challenging
phenotypic trais:

Back 18

cell wall type gram staining.
expanded use of molecular tools = more resolution
still phylogenetically messy

Front 19

focus on research - beneficial bacteria
microbiome

Back 19

gut and skin bacterial populations:
human health
vitamins K & b12
Cattle- cellulose digestion

Front 20

focus on research - beneficial bacteria
ecosystem functions:

Back 20

decomposers
carbon fixation

Front 21

focus on research - beneficial bacteria
ecosystem functions:

Back 21

nitrogen fixation: nitrogenase enzyme - cyanobacteria & rhizobia

Front 22

Protista:
What is eukaryote Compartmentalization:

Back 22

Endosymbiotic theory:
infolding of membranes = nuclear membrane, ER
endosymbiosis of aerobic bacteria = mitochondria
endosymbiosis of photosynthetic bacteria = chloroplasts

Front 23

eukaryote- Compartmentalization: Endosymbiotic Theory:
well supported by what evidence?

Back 23

size/shape of organelle DNA
ribosome similarity
antibiotic activity in organelles

Front 24

Protista:
A "catch all" kingdom:

Back 24

lots of unicellular organisms
group not monophyletic itself
but, some monophyletic groups within

Front 25

Protista:
A "catch all" kingdom:
variation in:

Back 25

cell surfaces- plasma membrane extracellular matrix, cyst formation
locomotion: flagella, pseudopods
nutritional strategy- phototrophs, heterotrophs
reproduction: asexual mitosis, sexual

Front 26

Protista
diplomonads & parabasalids:

Back 26

no mitochondria, flagella.

Front 27

diplomonads:

Back 27

two nuclei

Front 28

parabasalids:

Back 28

undulating membranes

Front 29

Protista
2 Euglenozoa
1. Euglenoids

Back 29

chloroplasts
become heterotrophic in the dark
flagella

Front 30

Protista
2 Euglenozoa
2. Kinetoplastids:

Back 30

single unique mitochondrion
parasitic- trpanosomes
sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, chagas disease

Front 31

Protista 3
alveolata: flattened vesicles called alveoli
Dinoflagellates:

Back 31

photosynthetic
silica/cellulose coats
flagella in grooves
ocean luminescence
red tide - toxicity

Front 32

Protista 3
alveolata: flattened vesicles called alveoli
Apicomplexans:

Back 32

apical complex of organelles
spore formation
parasitic to humans (malaria/toxoplasma)

Front 33

Protista 3
alveolata: flattened vesicles called alveoli
ciliates:

Back 33

cilia for movement& feeding

Front 34

Protista:
4 Stramenopila: fine hairs on flagella
types:

Back 34

brown algae/diatoms

Front 35

Protista:
4 Stramenopila: fine hairs on flagella
water molds:

Back 35

responsible for irish potato famine.

Front 36

Protista:
rhodophyta:
Choanflagellida:

Back 36

R: red algae
C: share common ancestor with

Front 37

Protista
other types of protists still have important functions/characteristics:

Back 37

Amoebas/ pseudopods
foramnifera: marine heterotrophs
Colorful shells, cytoplasm projections
fossils: limestone deposits
geological markers

Front 38

Protista
other types of protists still have important functions/characteristics:
Slime molds:

Back 38

plasmodial: single cell, multinucleate, move & spore in search of resources.

Front 39

Protista
other types of protists still have important functions/characteristics:
Slime molds
cellular/model

Back 39

cellular: amoeba when resources are common, slug and sporulating body when resources scare (signaling pathway)
Model for developmental, cellular, & evolutionary biology.