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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Complex Animals
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1. Symmetry- radial and bilateral
2. Tissues integrated whole epithelium nerve tissue 3. Organs- gut 4. Hollow internal structure support and pressurize |
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Cnidaria
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coral, jellyfish, hydras
>11,000 species >marine and freshwater >important in oceans -corals, tropical reefs - poisonous creatures >tentacles, sting, feed, protect >hydrostatic support |
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Basic body types of cnidaria
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1. Polyp
-cylindrical -attached to a surface -tentacles point up 2. medusa -dome shaped -free swimming -tentacles point down |
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Anemone
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>polyp (large)
>oceans >protected by tentacles >commensual relationship with clown fish (benefitialism) |
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Coral
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>polyps
>tropical, deep warm ocean >external skeleton >reefs, coral framework, high species diversity |
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Portuguese Man-o-war
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>resembles jellyfish
>colonies of polyps >deadly toxin |
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Platyhelminthes
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>flatworms, tapeworms, flukes
>15000 species >ocean and freshwater >internal parasite class tuberellia class cestoda |
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Planaria
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flatworm
>bilateral symmetry >head, tail, dorsal and ventral >no coelom, gut is the only cavity >flat shape gives flexibility >exrcretory, nervous, reproductive systems |
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Diversity of Platyhelminthes
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turbellaria
-predators, marine flatworms trematoda -fluke (simple flatworm) -poorly developed castoda -tapeworm... not fatal -intestinal parasite -no sensory organs -no gut -segmented and can grow up to 15 feet |
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Nemotodes
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roundworms
>20,000 species >wide ecology, soil and sediment >scavengers and parasites >abundant, 1 mill per sq in, we don't know they are there |
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characteristics of nemotodes/ roundworms
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Hollow organism
-pseudo coelom -no special lining tissue -internal organs have space to move |
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Organ Tissues of nemotodes
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> 2pores, mouth and anus
for increased efficiency >subdivisions, pharynx and intestines >excretory and nervous systems |
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Human Parasites
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>ascaris in the small intestines, lay numerous eggs
>can find in stools -pinworms in children -hookworms, animal gut like dogs -human feet only |
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Annelida
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earth worms and leeches and polychaetes
15000 species lives in soil, ocean and freshwaters earthworms are important in soil eat detrius turn the earths soil 100 years |
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characteristics of earthworms
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bilateral symmetry
-cylndrical body -cuticle -body segements HOLLOW with a true coelum special lining of cells:pertonem that is germ proof SEGMENTATION:alike, specialized, clusters 2 types of muscles rings and longitudinal bands -sinuous movements -elongates and contracts |
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Organ Systems of flatworm
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circulatory with multiple "hearts" and can be bigger due to oxygenated blood
excretory: nephridum gets rid of exces h20 external pore flushes waste nervous: ventral nerve cord with ganglia chemoperception. reproductive: hermaphrodite can't fertilize itself |
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Arthropoda
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"jointed feet"
additions to annelid body plan jointed appenages and hard skeleton and respiratory system importance: mans greatest competitor, bc they like our environment and are vectors for disease |
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Characteristics of Arthropoda
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>hard external skeleton for defense and support made of chitin and calcium carbonate
molts and sheds the skeleton when it gets too big segmentation allows movement insects have fused body parts |
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Chelicerata
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horseshoe crab: xiphosurida
>marine >living fossils >features 2 body segments 5 pairs of legs compound eyes |
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Arachnid
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>terrestrial
>feature 2 main body segments 4 pairs of legs 6 simple eyes book lungs >predators trap and poison pray using their silk webs paralyzes it and suck it dry |
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Scorpions
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poisonous tail
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Mites and Ticks
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chiggers & dust mites
lives in the carpet and are stirred up with dust (arachnids) |
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Mandibulata
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crestacea
-pill bugs, lobsters features numerous body segs 16-60 2 eyes 2 pairs of anntenae manibles to chew food gills |
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Insecta
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most arthropod diversity
terrestrial freshwater features 3 body segs 1 head 2 thorax 2 abs- respiration 3 pairs of legs wings, only winged invertabrates |
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Mollusca
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snails, clams, octopus
110,000 species >importance in human food! >herbs:sails and slugs soft bodied organisms >ecology mostly marine some freshwater and terrestrial herb, filter feeder, carn |
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Mollusc body plan
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bilateral snail, small coelom
calcium carbonate shell protections and support mantle gills foot radula-sawl scrap |
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Mollusca Diversity
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gastropoda in snails and slugs
spiral shell surface feeders herbs drillers on OTHER molluscs gastropods- one foot crawlers snails and slugs bivalves are filter feeders cephs are predators |
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Pelycypoda
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clams and oysters and scallops
>bishell >filter feeders >attached or burrowed >large foot small brain >all they need to do is siphon water |
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Cephaulpoda
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octopus, squid, nautilus
>spiral shell, or none >foot shaped head >siphon system >jet propulsion >ink for defense >tentacles- suction >reproductive arm that detatches and injects female |
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Echnodermata
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star fish and sea urchins
>6000 species >most closely related to vertebrates >hard bodied ecology: marine, pred and filter feeders, significant biomass |
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Echnodermata body plan
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dermal structures
calcium carbonate spinal plates radial org. secondary feature in evolution larvae are bilateral water vascular system unique to pylum tube feet no brain but has ganglia |
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asteroida
echinoida |
star fish
sea urchin and sand dollar |
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Holothurdoidea
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delacacy in china
sea cucumber spill their guts to scare away preds can regrow them |
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Crinoidea
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filter feeders through long arm structures
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Sea Lily
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permanently attached
long stocks only found in deep water |
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Chordata
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fish, reptiles, amphibians, mammals and aves
>colonies of cells >radial org >bilateral >external skeleton |
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Features of chordata
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1. notochord
rod of stiffened tissue internal support 2. dorsal nerve chord 3. segmented muscles 4.pharnyx with slits muscular tube slits in respiration 5. tail, forms in embryo |
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Urochordata
Cephalochordata vertebrata |
tunicates
lancelets vertebrates jawless fish -agnatha -chondrichthyes -amphibia -repililia -aves -mammals |
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Chordata Diversity
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Urochordata: tunicates
-sea squirts -filter feeders, siphon and gills -tadpole like embryo -strictly marine, deep Cephalochordata: lancelets -amphiozous -no real head or eyes -avoid predators -seg muscles vertrebrates, most diverse -bone -vertebral collumn seperate skeletonal elements bones replace cartliage -gills for respiration -jaws |
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Aristotle: class of orgs
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>distinct species
>continuum of organization >chain of being "lowest form up to god" >static organization stays the same |
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Christianity
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1. age of earth-6000 years old
arch bishop of usher began in 4004 bc geneisis geneaologies and creation story 2.castrophism, world is created in one great event- noahs flood, judgement day |
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cracks in the armor
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exploration of the world
-up to 1400s -global exploration brought back a bewildering array of organisms from around |
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Vestigial Structures
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-some animals have structures that have no function/ need
ex) tail in humans, never developes after embyro |
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Extinct Forms
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>dominant creatures of their time
-dinosaurs extinct forms disappears abrubtly |
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Theory of Evolution
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charles darwin, natural selection
1. lifes variety arose through descent with modification -each generation differs slightly -small changes over long periods of time 2. dissected into series |
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Evolution Observations
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1. over production of young population produces many more offspring than the environment can support
2.stability of population size -insufficient resources to support more individuals 3. variation -members of a population differ from each other and ability to obtain resources to escape predators and reproduction 4. inherited differences differences between individuals inherited by genetics and pass on to offspring |
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Evolution with in a species
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>antibiotic resistance in bacteria
>dog from the gray wolf of asia >broccoli from wild mustard >finch beaks, and energy used to change the size due to how hard of seeds they crack |
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Why do members of the same species look simular?
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gene flow, interbreeding keeps simular traits
genetic divergance differences build up between populations |
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Ecological Isolation
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species are different ecologically
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Temporal Isolation
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different breeding times, pollination, animal mating
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Behavioral Isolation
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animals only mate if behavior are right
-vocalizations in frogs |
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Mechanical Isolation
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flower structure
pollinator and flower are lock and key wrong fit=no pollination |
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Gamete Morality
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Pollen incompatibility
sperm of 1 animal species will not live to fertilize egg |
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Hybrid
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2 different species manage to produce offspring
ex) mule, horse x donkey hybrid lacks vigor and is sterile hy |
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Reproductive isolation is key to
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speciation, keeps pops from interbreeding
allows them to be different |
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Tetrapod
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land animal
-mammal -bird -reptile -amphibians |
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Characteristics of tetrapods
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• Four limbs
o Support creature o Movement over land surface • Lungs o Breathing o More oxygen in air than in water • Skin o Prevents drying o Scales, feathers, hairs |
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Amphibians
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Carboniferous period
• Great coal swamps • Major forests • First step in life on land • Reproduction requires water o External fertilization o Eggs develop in pond • Skin o Smooth, moist o No scales, feathers, or hairs • Locomotion o Legs out to side o Walks like swimming fish |
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Modern Amphibians
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salamanders
frogs and toads caeclians |
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Reptiles
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Primitive amniotes
• Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles • Evolved from ancient amphibians Less sophisticated than birds or mammals • Ectothermic o Temperature of environment o Like amphibians & fish o Mammals & birds—homeothermic • No feathers or hair • Simple behavior Skin • Scales made of protein • Protection • Slow water loss Locomotion • Legs more under body • Lizards—out towards sides • Dinosaurs—under body REPTILE DIVERSITY Lizards Turtles Snakes Crocodiles Dinosaurs |
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Birds
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Evolved from reptiles
• Most scientists—from dinosaurs • Walked on hind legs • Became gliders Major ecological shift • Flight o Masters of air o Insects, bats, & birds |
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Characteristics of birds
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• Wings
o Modified front limbs o Provide lift and steering • Large sternum (breastbone o Attachment for wing muscles • Feathers o Modified scales o Provide lift, insulation o Scales restricted to feet • Homeothermy o Rapid metabolism o Energy for flight • Reduced tail o Feathers o Steerage, center of gravity • Hollow bones o Honeycomb structure o Reduce weight • Beak o Modified jaw o No teeth |
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groups of mammals
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• Three evolutionary levels
o Monotremes egg laying o Marsupials only in uterus for short time, then attach to mothers nipple for a long time o Placental mammals complete embyotic period before being born |
