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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Anatomy
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Structure
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What is Physiology?
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function
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What are the four levels of organization?
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A. Cellular level (muscle cell)
B. Tissue Level (muscle tissue) C. Organ level (heart) D. organ System Level (circulatory system) |
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Four main categories of tissues in animals
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1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nervous Tissue |
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What is the general function and structure of Epithelial tissue?
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Structure - Sheets of closely packed cells
Function - Protections, exchange, secretion |
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What is the general functions and structure of Connective tissue?
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Structure - Sparse cells in extracellular matrix
Function - Binding and support of other tissues |
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What is the general functions and structure of Muscle Tissue?
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Structure - Long cells (fibers) with contractile proteins
Function - Movement of body parts |
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What is the general functions and structure of nervous tissue?
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Structure - Neurons with branching extensions
Functions - Transmission of nerve signals |
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What are the six major types of connective tissue?
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1. Loose connective tissue
2. Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon) 3. Adipose tissue 4. Cartilage (at the end of bone) 5. Bone 6. Blood |
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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1. Skeletal Muscle - attached to bones and causes voluntary movement
2. Cardiac muscle pumps blood 3. Smooth muscle - moves walls of internal organs |
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What are the functions of nervous tissue?
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Neurons carry signals by conducting electrical impulses
Supporting cells insulate axons and nourish neurons |
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What tissues are the heart made of?
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Epithelia line the heart chamber
Connective tissue make the heart elastic Neurons regulate contractions |
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What are the organ systems and what are their functions?
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Endocrines systems - controls body functions
Skeletal and muscular system - support and move the body Circulatory system - transports the food and oxygen Respiratory system - absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide Integumentary System - covers and protects the body Excretory system - disposes of certain waste Lymphatic and immune systems - protect the body from infection and cancer Reproductive system - perpetuates the species Digestive system - absorbs food Nervous system - controls body function |
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The integumentary system protects the body. What does it consist of?
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The skin consists of two layers
1. Epidermis - at the surface 2. Dermis - inner layer |
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What function does the Epidermis have?
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Resists damage
Decreases water loss Prevents penetration from microbes |
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What function does the dermis have?
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Sensory information
Synthesis of vitamin D Temperature regulation |
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What are the three systems involved in exchange of materials with the external environment
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Respiratory system exchanges gas
Digestive system acquires food and eliminates wastes Excretory system eliminates metabolic waste |
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What is the definition of Homeostasis?
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it is an internal steady state
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What is negative feedback?
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mechanisms permit only small functions around set points. A change in variable triggers mechanisms that reverse change.
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What is mechanical digestions?
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It breaks down food into smaller pieces.
Smaller pieces are easier to swallow Smaller pieces have more surface area exposed to digestive fluids. |
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What is chemical digestion?
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It breaks down large organic molecules into their components..
Proteins split into amino acids Nucleic acids into nucleotides. |
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How do sponges digest food?
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In vacuoles
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How do most animals digest food?
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In compartments.
-Enzymes break down the food - Food particles move into cells lining the compartment - undigested materials are expelled |
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How do Cnidarians digest food
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They have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening. The mouth
- Food enters the mouth - Undigested food is expelled back at the mouth |
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Most animals have a alimentary canal with
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-Mouth
-Anus - Specialized Regions |
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What does the human digestive system consist of?
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The alimentary canal and accessory glands.
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Explain how the human digestive system works.
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Alternating waves of cantraction and relaxation by smooth muscle in the walls of the canal move food along in a process called peristalis
- Sphincters control the movement of food into and our of digestive chambers |
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The human digestive system. What do the two sphincters do?
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Regulate the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine (the pyloric sphincter)
- limits the upward movement of acids into the esophagus |
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Digestion beings where and explain how
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The oral cavity
- Teeth break up food and saliva moistens it. --Salivary enzymes begin the hydrolisis of starch -- Buffers neutralize acids -- Antibacterial agents kill some bacteria ingested with food. -The tongue tastes shapes the bolus food and moves it toward the pharynx |
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The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes
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Acid - Acids kills bacteria and breaks apart cells in food
Pepsinogen - pepsin beings the chemical digestion of proteins |
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What prevents the gastric juices from digesting the walls of the stomach?
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Mucus helps protect against HCI and Pepsin
New cells lining the stomach are produced about every 3 days |
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What does the small intestine do?
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Small intestine is named for its smaller diameter. It is about 6 meters long
- Alkaline pancreatic juice neutralizes acid chyme and its enzymes digest food - Bile made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fat for attack by pancreatic enzymes - Enzymes from cells of the intestines continue digestion |
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In the small intestine how is the surface area absorption increased?
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Folds of the intestinal lining
Fingerlike villi |
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What is the main function of the liver?
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Processing nutrient laden blood from the intestines.
- Blood from the digestive tract drains to the liver - |
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Is a herbivore and omnivore digestive tract longer or shorter than a carnivore?
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Longer
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What are the three needs a healthy diet satisfies
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1. Fuel to power the body
2. Organic molecule to build molecules 3. Essential nutrients |
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What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
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the energy a resting animal require each day
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WHat is Metabolic rate?
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is the bmr plus the energy needed for physical activity
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What is excess energy stored as?
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Gycogen or fat
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Can essential nutrients be made from raw materials?
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No
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What is undernourishment?
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not enough calories
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What is malnourishment?
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Missing essential nutrient
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How many amino acids must and animal receive from their diet?
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8. They cannot produce 8 out of 20 on their own so they must get the 8 from their diet.
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What is overnourishment?
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Consuming more food energy that is needed
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How many people in the use are either overweight or obese?
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30% are obese
35% are overweight 15 % of children are overweight |
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What are the two main types of cholesterol?
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LDL and HDL
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WHat is LDL cholesterol?
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Contributes to blocked blood vessels and higher blood pressure
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What is HDL cholesterol?
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tends to reduce blocked blood vessels.
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Does exercise increase or decrease HDL levels?
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Increases
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What are the three phases of gas exchange?
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Breathing
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood Body tissues take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide |
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What are the hour types of respiratory surfaces that animals use to transfer gas
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1. SKin
2. Gills 3. Lungs 4. Tracheal systems |
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What are the attributes of gills with gas exchange?
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They are extension of the body
Increase the surface to volume ratio They increase the surface area for gas exchange - oxygen absorbed - carbon dioxide released |
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In a fish how is the gas exchange enhanced?
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By ventilation of the gills and countercurrent flow of water and blood
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What are the two advantages to breathing air than water?
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Air contains higher concentration of o2
- Air is lighter and easier to move |
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Evolutionary thought on why tetrapods had legs
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To lift them up to gulp air.
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What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
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- Air is filtered by hair and mucus surfaces
- Air is warmed and moisturized - Air is sampled for odors |
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WHat is the structure and function of the alveoli?
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They are grapelike clusters of air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
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What happens to the respiratory system when you smoke.
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It can damage cilia.
Which are what protect the lungs. So smokers must cough to clear out their throats. |
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What can smoking cause?
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- Lung cancer
- Heart disease - Emphysema |
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What percentage of lung cancer cases are from smoking?
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90%
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WHat is breathing?
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The alternate inhalation and exhalation of air (ventilation)
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What happens if there is a drop in blood ph concerning breathing?
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The rate of depth of breathing increases
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What is difussion used for?
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Gas exchange
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How does a fetus breathe?
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It does not breathe with its lungs. Instead it exchanges gases with maternal blood in the placenta.
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Do the mother and fetus share the same blood?
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No. The capillaries of maternal and fetal blood run next to each other.
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What are the attributes of the open circulatory system?
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- Arthropods and many molluscs
- Heart Pumps Blood though open ended vessels - Cells directly bathed in blood |
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What are the attributes of the closed circulatory system?
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- Vertebrates, earthworms, squids,
- Blood stays confined to vessels - A heart pumps blood through arteries to capillaries - veins return blood to heart |
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How many chambers does a fish heart have?
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2
It pumps blood in a single circuit - From gill capillaries - to systemic capillaries - back to heart |
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How many chambers do amphibians, turtles, snakes and lizards have in their heart?
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Three
- Two Atria One undivided ventricle |
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How many chambers do crocofilians, birds, and mammals have in their heart?
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Four
2 atria and two ventricles Two circuits that do not mix Higher blood pressure |
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In the human heart what do the two thin walled atria do?
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Pump blood
to ventricles |
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In the human heart what do the thick walled ventricles do?
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Pump blood to the lungs and all other body regions
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During diastole blood flows
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From veins into heart chambers
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During systole blood flows
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from atria into ventricles and then from ventricles into arteries
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What is cardiac output?
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Amount of blood/minute pumped into systemic circuit
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What is heart rate?
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Number of beats/minute
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WHat are heart valves?
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Prevent the backflow of blood.
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What is a heart murmur?
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A defect in one or more heart valves.
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What is the function of the pacemaker in SA mode?
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Sets the rate of heart contractions
and generates electrical signals in atria |
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What is the function of the pacemaker in the AV mode?
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Relays these signals to the ventricles.
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What is the function of an electrocardiogram? (ECG)
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Records electrical changes in heart
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What is the function of an external defibrillator?
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It can restore sythem
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What is the function of an artificial pacemaker?
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It can trigger normal rythems
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What is a heart attack?
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It is damage to cardiac muscle typically from a blocked coronary artery
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What is a stroke?
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Death of brain tissue from blocked arteries in the head
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What is the structure and function of the capillaries?
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- Thin walls - a single layer of epithelial cells
- Narrow - blood cells flow in a single file - Increase surface area for gas and fluid exchange |
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What is the structure and function of the arteries and veins?
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- Lined by single later of epithelial cells
- Smooth muscle in walls can reduce blood flow - Elastic fibers permit recoil after stretching - Veins have one way valves that restrict backward flow |
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What is does plasma contain?
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90% water
- Various inorganic ions - Proteins, nutients - Wastes, gases - Hormones |
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Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma
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Just a statement
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What does red blood cells do?
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Transport O2 bound to hemoglobin
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What does white blood cells do?
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Function inside and outside the circulatory system
- fight infections and cancer |
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Why are blood clots formed?
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When a blood vessel is damaged
- Platelets help trigger the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin - Which forms a clot that plugs the leak |
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What is the blood clotting process?
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- Platelets adhere to exposed connective tissue
- Platelets form a plug - a fibrin clot traps blood cells |
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What can stem cells do?
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They divide in bone marrow so
- to produce all the types of blood cells throughout life - Are used to treat some blood disorders |
