Biology Test 2

Front 1

Eukaryotic cell

Back 1

DNA in Nucleus, Membrane enclosed Organelles

Front 2

Prokaryotic cell

Back 2

Organelles not enclosed internally by membrane

Front 3

Nucleoid

Back 3

In prokaryotic cell, region in which DNA is not membrane enclosed

Front 4

Cytoplams

Back 4

Interior of Prokaryotic cell; region between nucleus and the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cell

Front 5

Plasma Membrane

Back 5

boundary of every cell; functions as selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell

Front 6

E:Nucleus

Back 6

contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell. DNA

Front 7

Chromosomes

Back 7

structures that carry the genetic informations. Made up of CHROMATIN :

Front 8

Chromatin

Back 8

complex of proteins and DNA,

Front 9

Nucleolus

Back 9

prominent structure within the non dividing nucleus

Front 10

Ribosomes

Back 10

cellular components that carry out protein synthesis. rRNA, in cytoplasm and attached to rough ER or nuclear envelope

Front 11

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

membranous tubules and sacs called cisternai. Continuous with nuclear envelope

Front 12

Rough ER

Back 12

internal structural skeleton to support the cell's shape, as storage of the synthesised materials and minerals, such as calcium in myocytes, forming an internal network through which materials can be transported. synthesis and packing of proteins.

Front 13

Smooth ER

Back 13

synthesis of lipids, oils, phospho lipids, steroids. enzymes help detoxify drugs and poisons, in liver especially.

Front 14

Golgi Apparatus

Back 14

producs are modified and sorted. center of manufacturing, sorting, shipping, consists of flattened membranous cisternae. significant for secretion

Front 15

Lysosome

Back 15

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecues. sent to golgi apparatus

Front 16

phagocytosis

Back 16

intracellular digestion. eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles.

Front 17

Mitochondria

Back 17

sites of cellular respiration, metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugras, fats, and other fuels with oxygen help

Front 18

Chloroplasts

Back 18

found in plants, and algae, sites of photosynthesis. convert solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from Carbon Dioxide and water

Front 19

Peroxisome

Back 19

oxidative organelle that is not part of the endomembrane system. imports proteins primariloy from the cytosol

Front 20

Cytoskeleton

Back 20

network of fibers extending trhoughout cytoplasm: support, motility, and regulation. give cell shape and support cell

Front 21

Microtubules

Back 21

maintain cell shape; cell motilillity, chromosome movements, organelle movements: hollow tubes

Front 22

Microfilaments

Back 22

two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits; maintenance of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cell division, cytoplasmic streeming

Front 23

Intermediate filaments

Back 23

fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables; maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles; formation of nuclear lamina

Front 24

Centrosome

Back 24

in animal cells; region that is located near nucleus and considered a 'microtubule organizing center' compression-resisting girders of cytoskeleton

Front 25

Centrioles

Back 25

within centrosome. helpful in replication. help organize microtubule assembly but not essential for eukaryotes.

Front 26

Flagella

Back 26

locomotor appendages, located on sperm of animals, algae, and some plants; swimming undulates.

Front 27

Cilia

Back 27

different from flagella..beating patterns. cilia more like oars, alternating power and recovery strokes. back-forth motion

Front 28

microfilaments

Back 28

actin filaments, globular protein. twisted double chain. contractile apparatus of muslce cells.

Front 29

Cytoplasmic streaming (plant cells)

Back 29

later of cytoplasm cycles around the cell, moving over a carpet of parallel actin filaments. Myosin motors attached to organelles in fluid cytosol may drive the straming by interacting with actin. speeds the distribution of materials within the cell

Front 30

Intermediate filaments

Back 30

specialized for bearing tension, very persistent, some make up nuclear lamina that lines the interior of the nuclear envelope. function as the framework of the entire cytoskeleton.

Front 31

Cell Walls

Back 31

Only plants; prevents excessive uptake of water. strong walls. prokaryotes, fungi, and protists have cell walls. Cellulose (glucose polymer) become embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins

Front 32

Cell Matrix:

Back 32

gylcoproteins secreted by the cells.

Front 33

Collagen

Back 33

forms strong fibers outside cells, embedded in web of proteoglycan complexes. accounts for 40% of protein of human body

Front 34

Photoglycans

Back 34

small protein with many carb chains covalently attached, up to 95% carb. can from when hundreds of proteoglycans become noncovalently attached to single polysaccharide

Front 35

Fibronectin

Back 35

bind to cell surface receptor proteins called integrins; built into plasms membrane.

Front 36

Integrins

Back 36

built into plasms membrane; proteins with two subunits, bind to ecm on one side and associated proteins attacehd to microfilaments on other. linkage transmit signals between cell's external environment and interior can result in changes in cell behavior

Front 37

Plasmodesmata

Back 37

perforated channels; cytoplams of one plant cell is continuous with other...viaa plasmodesmata; channels through cell walls.

Front 38

TIght Junction

Back 38

very tightly pressed against each other, bound by proteins. seals around cells, tight junctions prevent leakage of extracellular fulid across layer of epithelial cells. ex. skin cells make us watertight by preventing leakage between cells and sweat glands

Front 39

Desmosomes

Back 39

like rivets. fastening cells together into sheets/ intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor desmosomes in cytoplasm. attach muslce cells to each other in a muscle

Front 40

Gap Junctions

Back 40

provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell. consist of membrane proteins that surround pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass. necessary for communication between cells and many types of tissues, heart muscle and animal embryos.

Front 41

Selective permeability

Back 41

allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Front 42

amphipathic

Back 42

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

Front 43

fluid mosaic model

Back 43

membrane is fluid structure with 'mosaic' of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer of phsopholipids.