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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Flowers contain how many whorls?
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Four
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Name the four parts of the plant
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1. Sepal
2. Petal 3. Stamen 4. Pistil |
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Parts of the Stamen
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1. Anther
2. Filament |
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Parts of the Pistil
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1. Stigma
2. Style 3. Ovary |
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Complete Flowers are?
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Flowers that contain ALL FOUR whorls
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Perfect flowers are?
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Flowers that contain both male and female structures
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Monoecious means?
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The housing of both sexual structures in one flower- Perfect flowers are monoecious.
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Dioecious means?
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The separate housing of male and female parts
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Double Fertilization
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2 sperms cells:
One will fuse with the egg to create a zygote One will fuse with the polar nuclei to provide food |
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Advantages and Disavantages of Self Pollination
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Adv: No partner needed, make seed on own
Dis: Limits genetic variability |
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Factors that promote Outcrossing
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S gene- prevents self pollination
Physically separat parts Dichogamous- parts mature at different times Dioecious- parts on separate plants Imperfect Flowers (parts on separate plants) |
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What controls plant flowering?
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Prescence of absence of light
Quatity of light Quality ofg light |
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Far-Red Light causes..
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The rapid converstion back to red light
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How do plants monitor the length of day?
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The ratio of red light to far red light
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Darkness causes what conversion?
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The SLOW (like danica) conversion back to phytochrome red
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If a plant is flashed with red light, then far red, then red, then far red, which one matters the most?
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The last flash, far red.
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Dormancy is?
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The dehydration of the embryo, where development stops and the seed coat hardens
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Adaptive Importance of Seeds
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duration, cues to break dormancy
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First step in germination
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Imbibition- the reabsorption of molecules
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Second step in eudioct germination
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Shoot and Root meristems resume activity.
The root is first in whith the hypocotyl elongates and the radicle forms The shoot is second in which the hypo and epicotly elongates. The shoot breaks ground and the first leaves unfurl |
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Annual Plant is?
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a plant that grows, gerimates, produces seeds all in one year. They must regrow from seed each year.
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Plant responses are controlled by?
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hormones
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Plants respond to stimulus by?
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Cell division, cell elongation, cell differentiation
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Auxin is produced mainly in?
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Stem apical meristems, growing tip
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Auxin aids in
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cell elongation
the phototrophic response stimulates furit production promotos growth of adventitious roots Auxin = good herbicide |
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Cytokinins aid in
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"anti-aging hormone"
cause shoot bud development |
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Where are cytokinins produced?
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Root apical meristems
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Abscisic acid is?
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a growth inhibitor
maintains seed dormancy |
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Gibberellin causes
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growth promotion
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Ethylene aids in
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furit rippening
leaf abscission in the fall |
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Tropism is
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the growth response of plants to evironmental stimuli
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Phototropism is
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the growth in response to light
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Gravitropism is
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the growth in response to gravity
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Negative gravitropism causes
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stems to grow up
Auxin response |
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Positive gravitropism causes
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roots to grow down
amyloplast |
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Thigmotropism is
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directed growth in response to touch
vine tendrils wind-induced shortness |
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What are plant clocks called?
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Bio Rhythms
circadian rythms |
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Turgor movement is?
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movement based on the reversible changes in cell turgor pressure
venus fly trap mimosa |
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Cancer cells are described
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having more births than deaths
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Prokaryotic Chromosome
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is a single, circular molecule of DNA that has a nucleoid region
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Eukaryotic Chromosomes
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Linear molecule of DNA
after replication each chromosomes consist of two joined chromatids |
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How long is DNA in a human cell
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2 m
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How is DNA compacted?
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It is wrapped around Histone Proteins
146 pairs to 8 Histones |
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A nucleosome consists of
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DNA + 8 histone proteins + histone clamp
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4 Nucleosomes consist of how many histone proteins?
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36 :)
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Four events that occur before and during cell division
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1. A signal to reproduce must be received
2. Replication of DNa and vital cell components must occur 3. DNA must be distributed to the new cells 4. The cell membrane of cell must separate the two new cells "pinching off" |
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Eukaryotic cell division consists of?
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Replication of DNA within the nucleus, pakaging and segregation of the replicated DNA into 2 nucleus
The division of the cytoplasm |
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Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle
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Interphase
Mitosis |
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Results of Mitosis
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Two identical daughter cells
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Results of Meiosis
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produces gametes for sexual reproduction
daughter cells not identical |
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S Phase
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Synthesis: phase of DNA replication
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Spindle is
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a railroad track along which the chromosomes move; made of microtubules
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Centrosome is
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attachment point for spindle
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Kintechores are
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develop around centromeres; sites where microtubules attached to chromatids
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Phases of Mitosis
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Prophase
Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Duh... |
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Prophase is
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The first stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes condense, sprindles form around the nucleus, and the kinetochores develop around the centromere
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Prometaphase is
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The second stage in mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks down, the spindles invade the nuclear region and the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores
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Metaphase is
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The third stage in mitsosis in which the chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate and the cohesins between the chromatids break down
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Anaphase is the
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Fourth stage in mitosis in which the chromatids separate and move toward opposit poles
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Telophase
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Is the 5th and final stage in which the chromosomes arrive at the poles, the nuclear envelope reforms and the spindles break down
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Cytokinesis is the
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division of the cytoplasm
simultaneous with telophase |
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Cyclin-Dependent kinase functions how on its own?
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it doesnt, its dependent
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What is cylcin dependent kinase depend on
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cyclin:)
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When cyclin is bound to cdk, it can?
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phosphorylate different target proteints
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What is the functions of cyclin cdk complexes?
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checkpoints during the cell cycle
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Why would a cell want to prevent passage to the next stage?
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It is damaged in some way
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What can block cdk?
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Tumor supressors
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How are the cyclin cdk controls in cancer cells?
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The cycle is disrupted, it is the overproduction of cyclin D
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What is P53?
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A tumor suppressor which aids in the production of P21
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Cells can be stimulated to divide by
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growth factors
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Name the important growth factors
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Platelet derived growth factor, interleukins, and erythropoetin
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Asexual reproduction is
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the generation of a new individual by mitosis in which the daughter cell is a clone
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Zygote
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the fusion of egg and sperm gametes
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Somatic cells are
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body cells
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Chromosomes that contain information about the same trait but are not identical genetically are
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Homologous Chromosomes
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Haploid means (in relation to homologous chromosomes)
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the cells contain just 1 homolog
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Diploid means (in relation to homologous chromosomes)
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the cell contains both homologs
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Describe haplonic organisms
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haploid is the predominant life cycle
protists, fungi zygote undergoes meisosis to produce haploid cells spores form new organisms by mitosis |
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Describe Alternation of Generation
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Include both 1n and 2n
meoisis poroduces spores which divide mitotically to produce gametophytes |
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Describe diplontic organisms
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gametes are the only haploid cells
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Karyotype is
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a picture of the chromosomes based on size, number and shape
lyses cells in metaphase |
