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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Calvin-Benson cycle
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light independent reactions of photosynthesis
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Carbon fixation
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process by which carbon from inorganic sources such as CO2 gets incorporated into an organic molecule
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Rubisco
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ribulose biphosphate carboxylase
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Phycobilins
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most common pigment
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Stomata
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gaps that open on plant surfaces; allow water vapor and gases to diffuse across the epidermis
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C3 plants
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use only the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix carbon
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Photorespiration
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reaction in which rubisco attaches oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to ribulose biphospate
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C4
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minimizes photorespiration by fixing carbon twice, in two cell types
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CAM plants
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type of C4 plant that conserves water by fixing carbon twice, at different times of the day
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Gene
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part of a DNA base sequence; specifies an RNA or protein product
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Transcription
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first stage of protein synthesis
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid; single stranded with roles of transcription, translation and catalysis
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rRNA
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ribosomal RNA
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mRNA
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messenger RNA
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tRNA
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transfer RNA
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Replication
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cell duplicates its DNA
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RNA polymerase
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enzyme that catalyses the addition of nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA
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Promoter
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short stretch of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription
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Exons
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one of the base sequence of an mRNA transcript that eventually will be translated
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Introns
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non coding gene sequence that is removed from a pre-mRNA before translation
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Guanine cap
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the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule
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Poly-A tail
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the modified end the 3' end of an mRNA molecule
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Codon
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sequence of three bases in an mRNA strand that codes for an amino acid
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Anticodon
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series of three nucleotide bases in tRNA
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Wobble
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violation of the base-pairng rules
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Translation
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the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA
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Initiation complex
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ribosome, mRNA, tRNA
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Peptide bond
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the covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by dehydration reaction
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Gene mutation
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small scale change in the nucleotide sequence
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Base-pair substitution
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mutation in which one nucleotide is incorrectly substituted for another during DNA replication
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Frameshift mutation
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mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three.
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