Biology Test 1

Front 1

Single layer of cells that lines body cavities and tubes (ex. blood vessel walls)

Back 1

simple epithelial

Front 2

more than one layer of cells that provides protection (ex. skin)

Back 2

squamous epithelial

Front 3

support framework for epithelium, forms protective capsules around organs, present in tendons and ligaments

Back 3

soft connective tissue

Front 4

specialized connective
cushions & maintains shape of body parts (ex. backbone); in parts of ear, between vertebrae, and at end of bone; no blood supply

Back 4

cartilage

Front 5

specialized connective
rich in Ca, supports and protects body tissues and organs, produces red and white blood cells in bone marrow

Back 5

bone tissue

Front 6

specialized connective
transports oxygen, wastes, and hormones (red blood cells), and protects against pathogens (white blood cells)

Back 6

blood

Front 7

specialized connective
storage of fat -> energy reserve

Back 7

adipose

Front 8

- attaches to bones
- VOLUNTARY muscle movement
- long, striated, multinucleated cells
- easily visible

Back 8

skeletal muscle tissue

Front 9

- line the gut or digestive system
- found in blood vessel walls, etc.
- operation is INVOLUNTARY
- has a single nucleus
- no striations

Back 9

smooth muscle tissue

Front 10

- short striated cells
- found in the heart
- primarily INVOLUNTARY operation
- single nucleaus
- intercalated disks

Back 10

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Front 11

secrete hormones into fluid bathing the gland - hormones enter the bloodstream (ex. used for communication within the body, just not as rapidly as nervous system)

Back 11

endocrine

Front 12

secreate through ducts to free surfaces (ex. secrete ear wax, milk, saliva, sweat, and mucus)

Back 12

exocrine

Front 13

name 3 integument functions

Back 13

1. protection from abrasion, bacteria, ultraviolet radiation, & dehydration
2. helps control internal temperature
3. sensory receptors detect environmental stimuli

Front 14

innermost layer of epidermis
constantly undergoes mitosis to create new skin cells beneath older skin cells - contains melanocytes which release melanin

Back 14

stratum basale

Front 15

outermost layer of epidermis
consists of flattened dead skin cells (made up of keratin) and serve as protection for underlying newer skin cells

Back 15

stratum corneum

Front 16

layer of skin
mostly connective tissue (composed of collagen and elastin) - houses blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil and sweat glands and sensory nerves

Back 16

dermis

Front 17

smooth muscles that are attached to and erect hairs and cause goose bumps when contracted

Back 17

arrector pili

Front 18

three most common types of skin cancer

Back 18

1. basal cell carcinoma
2. squamous cell carcinoma
3. malignant melanoma

Front 19

type of cartilage
tracheal rings, end of nose, end of sternum (breast bone), and in the articulating joints

Back 19

hyaline cartilage

Front 20

type of cartilage
found in the external ear

Back 20

elastic cartilage

Front 21

type of cartilage
found in the intervertebral disks (ex. elbow and back)

Back 21

fibrocartilage

Front 22

type of joint
no gaps between the bones (ex. flat cranial bones)

Back 22

fibrous joint

Front 23

type of joint
permit only slight movement (ex. intervertebral disks in back - keeps vertebrae from banging against each other)

Back 23

cartilaginous joints

Front 24

type of joint
move freely (ex. shoulders and hips) - fluid lubricates the joints allowing them to slip passed each other (ex. ball and socket joint form when bones have ossified)

Back 24

synovial joints

Front 25

when the cartilage at the end of a bone wears out

Back 25

osteoarthritis

Front 26

the synovial membranes become inflamed, the cartilage degenerates, and bone is deposited in the joint

Back 26

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 27

a muscle cell contracts maximally (all or none principle)

Back 27

threshold stimulus

Front 28

as more units are stimulated, muscle strength increases

Back 28

multiple motor summation

Front 29

the rate at which stimuli is sent to a muscle - increase in rate and force of contraction

Back 29

temporal summation

Front 30

carbohydrates hydrolyzed to simple sugars

Back 30

carbohydrases

Front 31

lipids hydrolyzed to glycerol, fatty acids

Back 31

lipases

Front 32

proteins hydrolyzed to amino acids

Back 32

proteases

Front 33

nucleic acids hydrolyzed to nucleotides

Back 33

nucleases

Front 34

stable operating conditions in the body (ex. maintaining the right level of salt, pH level, temperature, etc.)

Back 34

homeostasis

Front 35

describe food passage

(three steps)

Back 35

the soft palate rises to prevent food from entering nasal cavity -
epiglottis closes the trachea - pharynx opens -peristaltic wave forces food into esophagus

Front 36

steps to muscular contraction

Back 36

nerve (impulse) -> sarcolemma -> t-tubules -> sarcoplasmic reticulum -> calcium ions -> actin -> calcium ions -> sarcoplasmic reticulum -> so on

Front 37

source of energy for contraction
&
where does it come from?

Back 37

ATP
During moderate exercise, aerobic respiration
intense exercise glycolysis (anaerobic)

Front 38

in the contraction of sarcomere
myosin heads attach to binding sites on the actin filament and pull the actin filament towards the center of the sarcomere

Back 38

cross-bridge formation

Front 39

what causes the contraction of the sarcomere?

Back 39

myosin attaching to actin filament to pull it towards the center of sarcomere (cross-bridge formation) -> releasing -> going to another actin filament

Front 40

describe bone formation

Back 40

start with a cartilage model – secretions made by osteocytes become mineralized

Front 41

describe bone remodeling

Back 41

minerals are deposited and removed at the same time

Front 42

describe bone growth

Back 42

somatotropin stimulates osteocytes to deposit matrix on either side of the growth zone – bones grow longer