Biology Test 1

Front 1

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 1

matter is never created or destroyed, just changing form(ie potential energy versus kinetic energy)

Hint 1

energy fundamentals

Front 2

Second Law of Thermodynamics(Entropy)

Back 2

Energy goes from a state of order to a state of disorder(a cell or atomic nucleus loses electrons or neutrons, heat radiates off of an organism)

Hint 2

energy fundamentals

Front 3

Producers

Back 3

algae, bacteria, kelp, roses, redwoods

Hint 3

the sun gives its energy to________

energy in the environment

Front 4

primary consumers(herbivores)

Back 4

sea urchins, crickets, deer, iguanas

Hint 4

the producers gives its energy to_________

energy in the environment

Front 5

secondary or higher level carnivores(eat meat) and omnivores(eat everything)

Back 5

bear, fox

Hint 5

primary consumers gives its energy to________

energy in the environment

Front 6

decomposers

Back 6

when producers and consumers die, their bodies are reduced to biologically viable compuds by the "scavenging" activity of other organisms called __________

Hint 6

usually bacteria and fungi

Front 7

1.ecosystem
2.community
3.population
4.organism
5.organ system
6.organ
7.tissue(such as heart muscle tissue)
8.cell(such as heart muscle cell)
9.molecule(such as DNA)
10.Atom(such as an oxygen atom)

Back 7

the levels of organization in order from first to last are

Hint 7

there are 10 of them

Front 8

1.pro
2.prokaryotic

Back 8

1.before
2.the first cells, lacking a membrane enclose the nucleus and other organelles.

Front 9

1.eu
2.eukaryote

Back 9

1.true
2.cell type with membrane nucleus and other organelles

Front 10

1.aqua
2.aqueous

Back 10

1.water
2.a type of solution in which water is the solvent.

Front 11

1.co
2.valent
3.covalent bond

Back 11

1.together
2.strength
3.an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons.

Front 12

1.eco
2.ecosystem

Back 12

1.house
2.all the organisms in a particular area and their physical environment

Front 13

1.iso
2.isotope
3.isomer

Back 13

1.equal
2.an element having the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons
3.molecules with similar formulas but different structures.

Front 14

1.di
2.disaccharide

Back 14

1.two
2.two monosaccharides joined together

Front 15

1.glyco
2.glycogen

Back 15

1.sweet
2.a polysaccharide sugar used to store energy in animals

Front 16

1.hydro
2.lyse
3.hydrolysis

Back 16

1.water
2.break
3.breaking chemical bonds by adding water

Front 17

1.meros
2.polymer

Back 17

1.part
2.a chain made from smaller organic molecules

Front 18

1.mono
2.sacchar
3.monosaccharide

Back 18

1.single
2.sugar
3.simplest type of sugar

Front 19

1.philic
2.hydrophilic

Back 19

1.loving
2.water loving property of a molecule

Front 20

1.phobos
2.hydrophobic

Back 20

1.fearing
2.water hating property of a molecule

Front 21

1.poly
2.polysaccharide

Back 21

1.many
2.many monosaccharides joined together

Front 22

1.chloro
2.chloroplast

Back 22

1.green
2.the organelle of photosynthesis

Front 23

1.chromo
2.chromosome

Back 23

1.color
2.a thread like, gene carrying structure formed from chromatin

Front 24

1.cili
2.cilium

Back 24

1.hair
2.a short, hair like cellular appendage with a microtubule core

Front 25

1.cyto
2.cytoplasm

Back 25

1.cell
2.cell region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

Front 26

1.desma
2.plasmodesmata

Back 26

1.a band or bond
2.an open channel in a plant cell wall

Front 27

1.endo
2.endocytosis

Back 27

1.inner
2.the movement of materials into a cell

Front 28

1.exo
2.exocytosis

Back 28

1.outer
2.the movement of materials out of a cell

Front 29

1.extra
2.extracellular

Back 29

1.outside
2.the substance around animal cells

Front 30

1.flagell
2.flagellum

Back 30

1.whip
2.a long, whip like cellular appendage that moves cells

Front 31

prokaryotic

Back 31

a cell lacking membrane enclosed nucleus and other organelles

Front 32

1.micro
2.microfilament

Back 32

1.small
2.the smallest part of the cytoskeleton, made of actin

Front 33

1.plasm
2.cytoplasm

Back 33

1.molded
2.the thin outer membrane of a cell

Front 34

1.reticul
2.endoplasmic reticulum

Back 34

1.network
2.membranous network where proteins are produced in the cytoplasm

Front 35

1.vacu
2.vacuole

Back 35

1.empty
2.sac that buds from the ER, golgi apparatus, or plasma membrane.

Front 36

1.kinet
2.kinetic

Back 36

1.move
2.type of energy, it is the energy of motion

Front 37

1.hyper
2.hypertonic

Back 37

1.exceeding
2.in comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the greater concentration of solutes

Front 38

1.hypo
2.hypotonic

Back 38

1.lower
2.in comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the lower concentration of solutes

Front 39

1.iso
2.isotonic

Back 39

1.same
2.solutions with equal concentrations of solutes

Front 40

1.phago
2.phagocytosis

Back 40

1.eat
2.cell eating

Front 41

1.pino
2.pinocytosis

Back 41

1.drink
2.cell drinking

Front 42

1.tonus
2.isotonic

Back 42

1.tension
2.solutions with equal concentrations of solutes

Front 43

atomic number

Back 43

the _________ is the number of protons

Front 44

atomic mass

Back 44

the __________ or weight is equal to the number of protons plus the number of electrons

Front 45

protons, electrons, neutrons

Back 45

subatomic particles contain _________, _________, and _________

Hint 45

(+),(-),(neutral)

Front 46

carbon

Back 46

the elements of life

"C"

Front 47

hydrogen

Back 47

the elements of life

"H"

Front 48

oxygen

Back 48

the elements of life

"O"

Front 49

phosphorus

Back 49

the elemenents of life

"P"

Front 50

potassium

Back 50

the elements of life

"K"

Front 51

iodine

Back 51

the elements of life

"I"

Front 52

nitrogen

Back 52

the elements of life

"N"

Front 53

sulfur

Back 53

the elements of life

"S"

Front 54

calcium

Back 54

the elements of life

"Ca"

Front 55

iron

Back 55

the elements of life

"Fe"

Front 56

magnesium

Back 56

the elements of life

"Mg"

Front 57

sodium

Back 57

the elements of life

"Na"

Front 58

chlorine

Back 58

the elements of life

"Cl"

Front 59

3 main bonds

Back 59

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

Front 60

ionic bond

Back 60

transfer of electrons

Front 61

covalent bonds

Back 61

sharing of electrons

Front 62

hydrogen bond

Back 62

weak bond between a polar bonded hydrogen and a polar bonded oxygen or nitrogen.

Front 63

properties of water

Back 63

cohesion and adhesion

Front 64

cohesion

Back 64

holds water together within a vessel

Front 65

adhesion

Back 65

water sticks to vessel wall resisting gravity

Front 66

electrolytes

Back 66

substances that ionize in water

includes acids, bases, and salts

Front 67

Macromolecules

Back 67

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids

Front 68

disaccharides

Back 68

2 sugars

Front 69

polysaccharides

Back 69

3 or more sugars

Front 70

starch

Back 70

storage molecules in plants

Front 71

glycogen

Back 71

storage of glucose in animals

Front 72

cellulose

Back 72

polymer of glucose in plants

Front 73

chitin

Back 73

makes up exoskeleton in insects

Front 74

1.specialized proteins
2.catalyst
3.catalyst
4.ase

Sucrase
Lactose

Back 74

1.Enzymes are _________
2.Enzymes are also _________
3._________ increase the rates of chemical reactions
4.Many enzymes names have ______ endings

Sucrose----->__________ (glucose + frutose)
Lactose----->__________(glucose + galactose)

Front 75

the 3 principles of cell theory

Back 75

-the cell is the basic unit of life
-all cells come from pre-existing cells(mitosis,meiosis,fertilization)
-All organisms are made of one or more cells

Front 76

prokaryotic cells

Back 76

-lack a nucleus
-smaller then counterpart cell
-usually bacteria, cyanobacteria

Front 77

eukaryotic cells

Back 77

-have a nucleus
-larger then counterpart cell
-typical in plant and animal cells

Front 78

nucleus and the cell membrane

Back 78

the cytoplasm is the entire region between the _______ and the ________.

Front 79

the major groups of living organisms

Back 79

-domain bacteria
-domain archaea
-domain eukarya

Front 80

plant

Back 80

elodea is a ________ cell

Front 81

animal cells

Back 81

-lack a chloroplast(not capable of photoshynthesis)
-lack a cell wall
-have centrioles
-have many small vacuoles

Hint 81

type of cell

Front 82

plant cells

Back 82

-have chloroplast(photosynthetic)
-have a cellulose cell wall
-lack centrioles
-have a large vacuole

Hint 82

type of cell

Front 83

phospholipids and proteins

Back 83

the cell membrane is made up of _______ and _______.

Front 84

chromotin

Back 84

the thread like DNA in the nucleus is called the _______.

Front 85

chromosomes

Back 85

the "worms" in the nucleus are called _________.

Front 86

in the nucleus

Back 86

where would you find chromosomes in the cell?

Front 87

ribosomes

Back 87

the site of protein synthesis

Front 88

Rough ER

Back 88

has ribosomes

Front 89

Smooth ER

Back 89

no ribosomes

Front 90

first blank: rough

second blank: smooth

Back 90

_______ ER has protein syntesis occur on it and ________ does not.

Front 91

Chloroplast and Mitochondria

Back 91

-semi autonomous organelles
-both have double membranes
-both have their own DNA
-both make some of their own proteins

Front 92

cilia and flagella

Back 92

________ and __________ are composed of microtubules.

Front 93

-89 degrees celcius or -129 degrees farenheit

Back 93

the coldest temperature recorded on earch is _______ on 21 july 1983 at the russian research station on the antarctic ice cap

Front 94

58 degrees celcius or 136.4 degrees farenheit

Back 94

the hottest temperature recored on earch is _______ in El Aziza, Libya in 1922.

Front 95

57 degrees celcius or 134.6 degrees farenheit.

Back 95

death valley record high is ______.

Front 96

modes of heat loss and heat gain

Back 96

-radiation
-conduction
-convection
-evaporation

Front 97

heat produced + heat gained - heat lost

Back 97

body temp= _______+_________-__________

Front 98

ectothermy/ic

Back 98

-mostly poikilothetmic(burrowing)
-low metabloic rate
-environment is the primary source of body temperature
-invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

Front 99

Endothermy/ic

Back 99

-mostly homeothermic(stable)
-high metabolic rate
-metabolism is the primary source of body temperature
-birds and mammals

Front 100

desert spiny lizard

Back 100

the __________ maintains body temperature at about 93 degrees farenhiet

Hint 100

a lizard

Front 101

whiptail lizard

Back 101

the __________ mean temperature is between 104-106 degrees farenheit.

Hint 101

a lizard

Front 102

kangaroo rat

Back 102

-endothermic
-nocturnal
-burrowing

Front 103

first blank: night

Second blank: cooler

third blank: food

Back 103

Most mammals are active in the desert during the __________ because it is _________ and because of _________.

Front 104

Torpor: Deer Mouse

Back 104

the __________ is the most widely distributed mammal in North America.

Front 105

cellulose

Back 105

A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by b-1, 4-glycosidic linkages.

Front 106

dehydration synthesis

Back 106

A chemical process in which a polymer forms as monomers are linked by the removal of water molecules. One molecule of water is removed for each pair of monomers linked.

Front 107

denaturation

Back 107

For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. __________ occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.

Front 108

double helix

Back 108

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

Front 109

enzyme

Back 109

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Front 110

induced fit

Back 110

The interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction.

Front 111

lipid

Back 111

One of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water.

Front 112

nucleic acid

Back 112

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.

Front 113

nucleotide

Back 113

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Front 114

peptide bond

Back 114

The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.

Front 115

phospholipid

Back 115

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

Front 116

polypeptide chain

Back 116

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Front 117

ribonucleic acid(RNA)

Back 117

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

Front 118

saturated

Back 118

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens and therefore have no double covalent bonds. Saturated fats and fatty acids solidify at room temperature.

Front 119

steroids

Back 119

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.

Front 120

unsaturated

Back 120

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and therefore have one or more double covalent bonds. Unsaturated fats and fatty acids do not solidify at room temperature.

Front 121

protein

Back 121

A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.

Front 122

monomer

Back 122

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

Front 123

anchoring junctions

Back 123

Adhesive junctions that link cells together into tissues.

Front 124

cell junctions

Back 124

A structure that connects cells within a tissue to one another.

Front 125

cilia

Back 125

A short appendage that propels some protists through water and moves fluids across the surface of many tissue cells in animals. In common with eukaryotic flagella, it has a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules covered by the cell’s plasma membrane.

Front 126

communicating junctions

Back 126

A channel between adjacent tissue cells through which water and other small molecules pass freely.

Front 127

crista

Back 127

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Front 128

cytoskeleton

Back 128

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.

Front 129

cytosol

Back 129

The semifluid medium of a cell’s cytoplasm.

Front 130

endomembrane system

Back 130

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Front 131

fluid mosaic

Back 131

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

Front 132

golgi apparatus

Back 132

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 133

lysosome

Back 133

A membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

Front 134

mitochondrion

Back 134

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.

Front 135

nuclear envelope

Back 135

The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.

Front 136

nucleolus

Back 136

A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes.

Front 137

nucleus

Back 137

(1) An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.

Front 138

plasma membrane

Back 138

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell’s chemical composition.

Front 139

tight junction

Back 139

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.

Front 140

transmission electron microscope

Back 140

A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections, primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.

Front 141

transport proteins

Back 141

A membrane protein that helps move substances across a cell membrane.

Front 142

transport vesicle

Back 142

A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.

Front 143

cell wall

Back 143

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.