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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the scientific study of life
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biology
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what are the characteristics or properties of life
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1. order
2. regulation 3. growth and development 4. energy processing 5. respond to environment 6. reproduction 7. evolution |
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what does each organism continuously interact with
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environment
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how do majority of living things grow
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from inside out
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what is needed to provide energy
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nutrition
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what is the difference between a living thing that grows and a nonliving thing that grows
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living things produce their own growth by consuming energy and food
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encompasses a wide scale of size and a huge variety of life, both past and present
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study of biology
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what forms when all living organisms in a specific area interact with all of the nonliving factors in that specific area
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ecosystem
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what is regulation
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homostasis
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explore life at levels ranging from biosphere to molecules that make up cels
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biologists
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largest level that includes land, water, etc
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biosphere
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it is area that looks at how things interact with environment
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ecosystem
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it is level that looks at only living things and not nonliving things
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communications
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it is the level that looks at specific types of living things
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population
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it is the level that look at a single living entity
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organism
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it is the level the looks at what makes up the a organisms
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organ systems and organs
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it is the level that looks at what makes up the organs in complex organs
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tissue
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it is the level where life emerges
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cells
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it is the level that looks at the material in the cell like the nucleus
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organelles
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it is the smallest level that looks at the DNA of a particular organisms
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molecular and atoms
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what happens everytime energy is used
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some energy is lost or turns into heat energy
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take energy from the sun and produce own food
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producers
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eat food molecules made by producers
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consumers
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what does every cell use as its genetic information
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DNA
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the level at which the properties of life emerge
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cell
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lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life
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cells
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what are all organisms composed of
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cells
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the subunits that make up multicelluar organisms such as humans and trees
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cells
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what are the two main processes the dynamics of any ecosystem depend on
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recycling of chemical processes and flow of energy
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what is recycled within ecosystem
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nutrients
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what are the two major types of cells
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prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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simpler and usually smaller and characteristics of bacteria
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prokaryotic cells
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subdivided by internal membranes into different functional compartments called organelles and found in plants and animals
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eukaryotic cells
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what is the most obvious difference between two types of cells
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eukaryotics cells have nucleus
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the units of inheritance that transmit information form parents to offspring
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genes
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consists of four molecular building blocks and common to all organisms
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DNA
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the entire book of genetic instruction that an organism inherits
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genome
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the nucleus of each human cell packs a genome that includes how many chemical letters
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3 billion
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a hallmark of life
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diversity
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what is the number of known life species that biologists have identified and named
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1.8 million
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what is the estimate of the actual total number of species that could potentially live on earth
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10 million to over 100 million
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the branch of biology that names and classifies species
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taxonomy
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formalizes the hierarchical ordering of organisms into border and broader groups
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taxonomy
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what are the three domains of life
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bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
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which two types of domains of life have prokaryotic cells
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bacteria and archaea
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are generally single celled organisms but have nucleus
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protist
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what categories/kingdoms are included under eukarya
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kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia, protists
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all life uses the genetic language of what
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DNA
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why do we categorize life into groups
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help deal with complexity
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what are multicelluar eukarya kingdoms
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fungi, animals, and plants
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accounts for combination of unity and diversity
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evolution
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what distinguishes the multicelluar kingdoms
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how they obtain food
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product own sugars and others food by photosynthesis
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plants
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mostly decomposers and digest dead organism
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fungi
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ingesting and digesting other organisms
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animals
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what do species that are similar share
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more recent common ancestor
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published the book on the origin of species by means of natural selection
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charles darwin
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came up with way that things change named evolution
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charles darwin
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what are the two main points in darwin's book
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descent with modification and natural selection
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which animals inspire darwin diversity idea
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animals from galapagos islands
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how do animals become seperate species
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when separated from geographic barriers
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the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans
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artificial selection
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who does the selecting instead of the environment in artificial selection
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humans
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resistance in bacteria evolves in response to the overuse of antibiotics
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antibiotics
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drugs that help cure bacterial infections
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antibiotics
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what is the product of natural selection
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adaptation
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mechanism of evolution
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natural selection
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what did Darwin think were closely related processes in natural selection
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adaptation to environment and origin of new species
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what two observations help darwin synthesize the theory of natural selection
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1.overproduction and competition
2.individual variation |
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what is a huge problem in public health
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evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria
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unifying theme of biology
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evolution
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a way of knowing based on inquiry
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science
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developed from our curiosity about ourselves and the world around us
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science
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what are the two main science approaches
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discovery science and hypothesis driven science
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one of biology's best demonstrated, more comprehensive, and longest lasting theories
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evolution
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tested by performing an experiment to see whether results are as predicted
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hypothesis
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limits the scope of science to the study of structures and processes that we can observe and measure directly or indirectly
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discovery science
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uses a process of inquiry called the scientific method, consisting of steps that provide loose guideline for scientific investigation
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discovery science
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a tenetive answer to a problem/an explanation on trail
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hypothesis
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non natural form produced through manufacturing processes called hydrogenaton
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trans fat
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in hypothesis driven study what should be the difference between the control and experimental group
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only one variable
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much broader in scope than a hypothesis
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scientific theory
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are the ways of trying to make sense of nature
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science, art, and religion
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what are the two key features that distinguish it from other forms of inquiry
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depends on observation and measurements that are testable
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what do you use in science when trying to compare two groups of data
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statistical test called t-test
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first descrbied called in 1665
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Robert hooke
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states that all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells
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cell theory
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can be used to explore the structures and functions of cells
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light microscopes
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an increase in the object's image size compared to its actual size
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magnification
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the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate
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resolving
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uses a beam of electrons, which results in 100-fold better resolution than light microscope
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electron microscope
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what are the two kinds of electron microscopes
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scanning electron and transmission electron
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examine cell surfaces
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scanning electron microscope
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useful for studying the internal structure of a cell
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transmission electron miscroscope
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which microscope is useful for studying living cells
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light microscopes
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what are the basic features all cells have
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1. plasma membrane
2. fluid called cytosol 3. made of DNA 4. ribosomes |
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tiny structures that build proteins according to the instructions from the DNA
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ribosomes
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when did prokaryotes first appear
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3.5 billion years ago
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when did eukaryotes first appear
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2.1 billion years ago
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membrane- enclosed structures that perform specific functions
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organelles
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which cell only contains organelles
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eukaryotic
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houses most of a eukaryotic's cell DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane
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nucleus
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DNA is coiled into a nucleoid and is not supported by a double membrane
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prokaryotic
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the region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
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cytoplasm
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which convert light energy to chemical energy of food in the process of photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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what features to plants cells have that animals cells don't
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chloroplast and cell walls
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what features do animals cells have that plants cells don't
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lysosomes
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bubbles of digestive enzymes surrounded by membranes
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lysosomes
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seperates the living things from its nonliving surroundings
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plasma membrane
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what are the thin membranes of cells composed mostly of
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lipids and proteins
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which category do lipids belong to
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phospholipids
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form a two layered membrane called the phospholipid bilayer
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phospholipids
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made of cellulose, protect the cells, maintain cell shape, and keep cells from absorbing too much water
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cell wall
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found in animals and helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports them
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extracellular matrix
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found on the surfaces of most animal cells and structures that connect cells together into tissues and allowing them to function in a coordinated way
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cell junctions
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chief executive of the cell
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nucleus
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do most of the work of the cell
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proteins
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seperates the nucleus from the cytoplasm by a double membrane
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nuclear envelope
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allow materials to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
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pores
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what does each long chromatin fiber constitutes
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one chromosome
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stored in the nucleus and are long DNA molecules plus protein
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chromatin
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what depends on the species
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number of chromosomes
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responsible for protein synthesis
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ribosomes
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made in the nucleolus and transported to the cytoplasm
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ribosome
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may assemble proteins while the ribosomes are suspended in the fluid of the cytoplasm or attached to the outside of the nucleus or an organelle called endoplasmic reticulum
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ribosomes
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who does the dna program protein production in the cytoplasm by transferring its coded information to
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messanger RNA
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moves along the mRNA by translating the genetic message into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence
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ribosomes
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one of the main manufacturing facilities in a cell
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endoplasmic reticulum
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produces an enormous variety of molecules, is connected to the nuclear envelope, and is composed of smooth and rough ER
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the endoplasmic reticulum
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product membrane proteins and secretory proteins
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rough ER ribosomes
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refers to the ribosomes that stud the outside of this portion of the ER membrane
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rough ER
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sacs made of membrane that bud off from the rough ER
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vesicles
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lacks surface ribosomes, produces lipids, including steroids, and helps liver cells detoxify circulating drugs
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smooth ER
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works in partnership with the ER and receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell
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Golgi apparatus
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found in lysosomes and can break down large molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids
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enzymes
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tiny cytoplasmic sacs that engulf nutrients
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food vacoules
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large sacs of membrand that bud from the ER, Golgi apparatus, or plasma membrane
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vacoules
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destroy harmful bacteria, break down damaged organelles, and sculpt tissues during embryonic development, helping to form structures such as fingers
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lysosomes
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which two organelles act as cellular power stations
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chloroplasts and mitochondria
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what are the three major compartments chloroplast are divided into
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space, stroma, grana
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thuick fluid within the chloroplast
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stroma
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stacks of membrane-enclosed discs that trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy
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grana
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the organelles of cellular respiration and found in almost all eukaryotic cells
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mitochondria
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contain their own DNA, which encodes some of their proteins
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mitochondria and chloroplast
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network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
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cytoskeleton
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what two things are found in the envelopes the enclose mitochondrion
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cristae and matrix
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straight and hollow tubes that guide the movement of organelles and chromosomes
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microtubules
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product the ATP from the energy of food molecules
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mitochondria
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motile appendages that aid in movement
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cilia and flagella
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propel the cell through their undulating, whiplike motion
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flagella
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move in a coordinated back and forth motion
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cilia
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contribute to the amoebid (crawling) movement of the protest amoebid and some of our white blood cells
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changes in the cytoskeleton
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if the p value is greater than 0.05
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the results happened by chance
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if the p value is below 0.05
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the value is statistically true
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may result in the birth of new organisms but more commonly involves the production of new cells
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reproduction
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two daughter cells are produced that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
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cell division
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what percent of cell lifespan is spent in interphase
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about 90%
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what are the three types of fibers cytoskeleton have
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microtubles, intermediate, and microfilament
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pump out excess water in the cell
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contractile vacoules
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mitosis consist of four phases:
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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includes two overlapping processes: mitosis and cytokinesis
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mitotic phase
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the nucleus and its contents divide evenly into two daughter nuclei
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mitosis
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the cytoplasm is divided in two
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cytokinesis
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a football shaped structure of miscrotubles and guides the separation of two sets of daughter chromosomes
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mitotic spindle
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spindle microtubles grow from structures within the cytoplasm
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centrosomes
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begins during telophase, divides the cytoplasm, and is different in plant and animal cells
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cytokinesis
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in animal cells what is cytokensis known as
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cleavage
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what happens before a parent cell splits into two
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it duplicates its chromosomes
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plays important roles in the lives of organism
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cell division
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what are the three functions of cell division
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1. cell replacement
2. growth 3. asexual reproduction |
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single-cell organisms reproduce by simple cell division and there is no feritilization of an egg by a sperm
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asexual reproduction
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requires feritilization of sex cells produced using a speical types of cell division called meiosis
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sexual reproduction
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what is the difference for organisms using mitosis and meiosis
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mitosis for growth and maintainance
meiosis for making sex cells |
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made of chromatin
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chromosomes
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fibers composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and protein molecules and not visible in a cell until cell division occurs
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chromatin
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proteins used to package DNA in eukaryotes
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histones
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consist of DNA wound around histone molecules
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nucleosomes
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before a cell divides what does it do
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duplicate its chromosomes resulting in two copies called sister chromatids
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where two sister chromatids are joined together tightly at a narrow waist
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centromere
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the ordered sequence of events that extend from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell to its own division into two cells
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cell cycle
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what are the two cell cycles
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interphase and mitotic phase
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a cell performs its normal functions, doubles everything in it cytoplasm, and grows in size
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during interphase
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what does cytokinesis differ in plants and animal cellsq
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animal split from out side in and plants split from inside out
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that consists of specialized proteins which send stop and go ahead signals at certain key points during the cell cycle
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cell cycle control system
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disease of the cell cycle
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cancer
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can form tumors, abnormally growing massess of body cells
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cancer cells
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what is the lump called when an abnormal cell remains at the orginal site
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benign tumor
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the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
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metastasis
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spread to other parts of the body and interrupt normal body functions
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malignant tumors
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damages DNA and disrupts cell division
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radiation theorapy
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use of drugs to disrupt cell division
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chemotherapy
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depends on meiosis and fertilization and produces offspring that contain a unique combination of genes from the parent
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sexual reproduction
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typical body cell and has 46 chromosomes
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human somatic cell
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an image that reveals an orderly arrangement of chromosomes
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karyotype
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matching pairs of chromosomes that can possess different versions of the same genes
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homologous chromosomes
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what are the two different sex chromosomes and how many pairs of sex chromosomes does the human have
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X and y and only 1
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the sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next
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life cycle
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organisms with body cells containing two sets of chromosomes
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diploid
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only have one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes
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haploid
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what does meiosis procude
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haploid gametes
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haploid daughter cells are produced in diploid organisms
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meiosis
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consist of DNA wound around histone molecules
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nucleosomes
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what is the opposite of telophase
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prophase
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the division of the nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei
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mitosis
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