Biology Terms From This Year

Front 1

Plant nutrition

Back 1

The uptake of water, nutrients and minerals through their roots and the intake of carbon dioxide (through the stomata) through the leaves.

Front 2

Varigated

Back 2

Varied in color

Front 3

Photosynthesis

Back 3

The use by green plants of energy in sunlight to carry out chemical reactions, such as the conversion of carbon dioxide into oxygen. Photosynthesis also produces the sugar that feed the plant.

Front 4

Limiting Factor

Back 4

The nutrient or condition in shortest supply usually referring to growth. Plants will grow until stopped by this limitation; for example, phosphorus is typically limiting in summer and temperature or light is limiting in fall or winter.

Front 5

Wax cuticle

Back 5

stomata and mesophyll cells

Front 6

Air space

Back 6

distribution of chloroplasts

Front 7

Vein

Back 7

vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)

Front 8

Spongy mesophyll

Back 8

transport

Front 9

Palisade mesophyll

Back 9

Photosynthesis

Front 10

Air pore and lower and upper epidermis

Back 10

gaseous exchange

Front 11

Ingestion

Back 11

means taking a material into the body through the mouth

Front 12

Digestion

Back 12

process the body uses to break down food into simple substances for energy, growth, and cell repair.

Front 13

Absorption

Back 13

uptake of substances by a tissue, as of nutrients through the wall of the intestine.

Front 14

Egestion

Back 14

to discharge from the body

Front 15

The 32 adult teeth are:

Back 15

8 incisors: used to cut food
4 canines: to tear food
8 premolars: used to grind and mash food
12 molars: chewing

Front 16

Tooth decay

Back 16

Tooth decay is caused by sugary foods and drinks. Saliva is normally slightly alkaline, but after a meal, bacteria in the mouth feed on any sugar present and turn it into acids. The acid eats into the teeth.

Front 17

Proper care of teeth

Back 17

Clean your teeth regularly, use dental floss, finish your meal with a rough vegetable and rinse your mouth with water. Dont hold sweets in your mouth and suck them for a long time.

Front 18

Chewing

Back 18

Chewing is the process by which food is mashed and crushed by teeth. It is the first step of digestion, and enzymes (mucus, amylase) and saliva break down the food. After chewing, the food is swallowed and enters the oesaphagus and continues on to the stomach.

Front 19

Peristalsis

Back 19

a ring of contraction moves slowly downwards, pushing the food in front of it.

Front 20

Chemical Digestion

Back 20

the significance of producing small soluble molecules.

Front 21

Digestion in the alimentary canal

Back 21

From the throat, food travels down a muscular tube in the chest called the oesophagus. At the end of the oesophagus, a muscular ring or valve called a sphincter allows food to enter the stomach and then squeezes shut to keep food or fluid from flowing back up into the oesophagus. The stomach muscles churn and mix the food with acids and enzymes, breaking it into much smaller, digestible pieces. Then, it moves to the small intestine. In the small intestine, the nutrients are and soluble food particles are carried to the liver in the blood from the small intestine.


From the small intestine, undigested food(and some water) travels to the large intestine. By the time the food reaches the large intestine, the work of absorbing nutrients is nearly finishes. The large intestine's main function is to remove water from the undigested matter and form solid waste that can be excreted. The large intestine is made up of these three parts: cecum, colon and rectum. The faeces are then removed through the anus.

Front 22

Small Intestine

Back 22

the region for the absorption of digested food

Front 23

Villi

Back 23

Tiny, hair-like projections or folds that line the small intestine. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine and allow for better absorption of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from digested food particles.

Front 24

Transpiration

Back 24

The loss of water into the atmosphere through the stomata of plants

Front 25

Translocation

Back 25

The movement of sucrose and amino acids from the regions of production or of strorage to regions of utilisation in respiration or growth.

Front 26

The Heart

Back 26

It's the main organ in our circulatory system, it is situated in the chest between the lungs. The heart is hollow and its wall contains muscles, its job to pump blood round the body. When doing exercise, the heart beats faster, and more blood can be sent to the muscles. The arteries serving the muscles widen, but those serving less needful organs get narrower. Extra blood is diverted to the structures that need it most.

Front 27

Most likely causes of a heart attack

Back 27

Diet, smoking, and stress.

Front 28

Arteries

Back 28

Blood vessels which cary blood away from the heart

Front 29

Veins

Back 29

Bring the blood back to the heart

Front 30

Capillaries

Back 30

the arteries and veins are connected by narrow, thin-walled capillaries.

Front 31

Blood

Back 31

consist of red blood cells, white blood cells and plasma.

Front 32

Red Blood Cells

Back 32

numerous, they do not have a nucleus, filled with haemoglobin(carries mainly oxygen; and carbon dioxide)

Front 33

White Blood Cells

Back 33

do not contain haemoglobin and they have a nucleus. They kill germs which get into the body, they defend us against disease. 2 types of white blood cells: phagocytes, lymph cells.

Front 34

Clotting

Back 34

prevents fluid being lost from cuts and wounds; fluid blood changes to a solid.

Front 35

How does the clotting take place

Back 35

the damaging of the tissues triggers a chain reaction. In the last step of this process, the plasma protein fibrinogen is tuned into a meshwork of solid fibres calle fibrin.

Front 36

Aerobic respiration

Back 36

A chemical process used to make energy grom sugar(glucose), in the presence of oxygen into carbin dioxide and water.

Front 37

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 37

Sugar is broken down and energy released, oxygen isn't needed for this process to happen.

Front 38

Gaseous Exchange

Back 38

Respiratory gaseous exchange occurs between the interior of an organism and the environment. In all animals with a vascular system, in which the blood transports respiratory gases, there is a twofold gaseous exchange within actively respiring tissues and the respiratory organs. In humans, respiratory organs are the lungs, and there gaseous exchange takes place in the alveoli.

Front 39

The effects of tabacco smoke and its major toxic components on the respiratory system

Back 39

smoking is associated with lung cancer. A person who smokes can get chronic bronchitis, a disease that stops cilia cleaning our windpipe and bronchial tubes. Smokers get short of breath (emphysema), heart disease is common, raised blood pressure, increases the amount of fatty substances in the blood.