Biology Terminology Wk. 5

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Organismal Metabolism

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Bring in and distribute macro and micronutrients. Remove and expel waste.

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Cellular Metabolism

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All biochemical reactions needed to sustain life. Requires energy and nutrients. Produces waste.

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Salivary Gland

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Exocrine gland that secretes salvia into the mouth. Helpful durring digestion,

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Gastrointestinal Tract

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The gut. Starts at the stomach and extends through the intestines to the tube's terminal opening.

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Peristalsis

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Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive tract.

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Stomach

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Muscular organ that secretes gastric fluid, mixes food with it, and controls the flow of food to the small intestine.

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Small intestine

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Narrowest portion of the digestive tract; site of most digestion and absorption.

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Large intestine

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Wide tubular organ that receives digestive waste from the small intestine and concentrates it as feces.

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Liver

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Large organ that stores glucose as glycogen and releases it as needed. Also produces bile and detoxifies some harmful substances such as alcohol.

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Saliva

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Fluid secreted by the salivary glands in the mouth that helps chemically break down and digest food.

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Gastric Fluid

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Fluid secreted by the stomach lining; contains digestive enzymes, acid, and mucus.

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Chyme

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Mix of food and gastric fluid.

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Bile

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Mix of salts, pigments, and cholesterol produced in the liver, then stored and concentrated in the gallbladder; emulsifies fats when secreted into the small intestine.

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Emulsification

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Suspension of fat droplets in a fluid.

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Villi

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Multicelled projections at the surface of each fold in the small intestine.

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Microvilli

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Thin projections from the plasma membrane of some epithelial cells such as in the intestines; increase the cell's surface area.

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Carbohydrate

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Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. Central energy source that is broken down during digestion.

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Monosaccharide

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Simple sugar; monomer of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates break down to this durring chemical digestion.

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Glycogen

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Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in animal cells.

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Protein

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Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides).

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Amino Acid

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Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom.

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Essential Amino Acids

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Amino acid that the body cannot make and must obtain from food.

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Lipid

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Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound.

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Fatty Acid

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Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. Carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds.

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Essential Fatty Acids

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Fatty acid that the body cannot make and must obtain from the diet.

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Monoglyceride

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They are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid in the small intestine.

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Nucleic Acid

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Single- or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar–phosphate bonds; for example, DNA, RNA.

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Nucleotide

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Monomer of nucleic acids; has a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and phosphate groups.