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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Types of Biomolecules |
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA), Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates (sugars, starches). |
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Molecules of Biomolecules. Building blocks of organisms. |
Polymers (many) (macromolecules), and Monomers (single, building blocks). |
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Monomers |
Amino Acids, Monosaccharide (sugar), Nucleotide. |
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Polymers |
Polypeptide (protein), Polysaccharide (carbohydrate), Nucleic Acid. |
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Nucleic Acids |
DNA and RNA. |
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DNA |
Instructions for making all proteins in all cells of all living things. AT-CG. Base pairs. Double-stranded helix.
Genetic code. Specific order of bases for each protein. |
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RNA |
Copy of DNA instructions. Used to make proteins in the cell. AUGC. No pairs. Single strand.
Copy of DNA bases in order. Used to build proteins. |
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Proteins (1) |
Built according to code given by RNA. Essential for almost all structures and functions.
Main component of most body structures - skin, hair, nails, muscles, teeth, bones, organs.
Regulate and perform most cell and body functions - muscle contraction, digestion, nutrient transport, chemical reactions. |
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Proteins (2) |
Form blood vessel walls. Carry oxygen in red blood cells. Immune response.
Antibodies - large Y shaped proteins - mark invaders for destruction. |
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Protein Structure (1) |
Made up of chains of amino acids linked together.
20 different amino acids.
Different amino acids, orders, proteins. |
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Protein Structure (2) |
Amino acids linked in order according to DNA code. Hooked together, folded into 3D shapes.
There are individual folded amino acid chains combined in complexes. |
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Hemoglobin |
4 protein chains. In red blood cells. Contains iron. Carries oxygen to the bodies tissues. |
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Lipids |
Hydrophobic - not soluble in water. |
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Lipid Structure |
Made from fatty acids. Long carbon chains. Different lengths. Straight or bent. |
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Types of Lipids |
Phospholipids - important for cell membranes. Has 2 fatty acids.
Triglycerids (fats) - important for long-term storage of energy. Has 3 fatty acids. |
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Phospholipid Bilayers |
Will form spontaneously in water, forming cell membrane.
Hydrophilic heads interact with water. Hydrophobic tails avoid water. These form the bilayer. |
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Cell Membranes |
Surround cells.
Major component - phospholipid.
Has proteins, other lipids, and phospholipid bilayer. |
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Triglycerids |
Hydrophobic. Most common fat in blood. Protection and insulation. Energy-storage molecules.
Has glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails. |
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Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats |
Saturated - straight fatty acids. Solid.
Unsaturated - bent fatty acids. Liquid. |
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Atherosclerosis Cause |
Disease linked to unsaturated fats build up. Linked to cardiovascular diseases.
Plaque. Fatty deposits in arteries. Narrows diameter. Restricts blood flow. |
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Atherosclerosis Effects |
Coronary heart disease. Carotid artery disease. Peripheral artery disease. High blood pressure. Chronic kidney disease.
Blocked blood flow to heart or brain. Which can cause heart attack or stroke.
Blocked artery causes drying out of muscle. |
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Atherosclerosis Prevention |
Heart-healthy, low-fat diet. No tobacco. Regular physical activity. |
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Carbohydrates |
Sugars and starches.
Range from small sugar molecules (monomers) to polysaccharides. |
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Carbohydrate Structure |
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Glucose - most common sugar.
Most abundant sugar in blood. Used to produce energy in cells. |
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Carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides - simple sugars, glucose, fructose. Fruits, vegetables, honey, nuts.
Disaccharides - 2 sugars. 2 monosaccharides hooked together. Sucrose (glucose + fructose), table sugar.
Polysaccharides - More than 2 sugars hooked together. Starch. Broken down to glucose (sugar) to be used by cells. |
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Lactose |
Disaccharide (2 sugars) sugar that is from galactose and glucose that is found in milk. |
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Lactose Intolerance |
The inability to digest lactose. Caused by insufficient levels of lactose. Enzyme
Causes bloating, gas, cramps, diarrhea. |
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Glucose Storage in Animals |
Glycogen - long, highly branched chain of glucose molecules. |
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Glycogen |
Made and stored in muscle and liver cells. Immediate source of glucose during intense muscle activity.
Running faster uses more glycogen. |
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Glucose Storage in Plants |
Starch - long chain of glucose molecules. Similar to glycogen but not as highly branched. |
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Starch |
Major component of root vegetables and grains. |
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Cellulose |
Long linear chains of glucose molecules bonded together to form cable-like fibers.
Major component of plant cell walls.
Most abundant organic molecule on earth. |
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Cellulose Digestion |
Cows, horses, sheep, goats.
Bacteria in digestive system break down cellulose. Humans can not digest cellulose.
Dietary fiber - ingestible portion of plants. |
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Carbohydrate Digestion |
Digested and broken down to glucose. Glucose is absorbed in the blood stream. Enters cells throughout the body. Used to produce chemical energy. |
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Blood Glucose Level |
Primary function is to supply brain with an energy source.
Brain is 2% of body weight and takes 20% of blood supply.
Uses only glucose for energy. Needs constant supply. No stored fuel. 60% of glucose used by body at rest. |
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Unstable Blood Glucose Level |
Levels soar after sugary and refined foods and too much caffeine.
Blood overreacts to rapid, dramatic increase - removes glucose from body too quickly, blood glucose drops too far too fast.
Symptoms - lack of energy, nausea, dizziness, irritability, lack of concentration. After this you should have another cup of coffee or a candy bar. |
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Unstable Blood Glucose Level Effects |
Cardiovascular disease, including increased risk for heart attack. Weight gain and obesity. Type 2 (adult onset) diabetes. |
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Quick-Release Carbohydrates |
Avoid them!
Quickly broken down into glucose. Sharp and rapid rise in blood glucose.
In most breads, white rice, breakfast cereals, pasta, soft drinks. |
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Stable Blood Glucose Levels |
Slow release of glucose. Complex carbohydrates and fiber. |
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Slow-Release Carbohydrates |
Slowly broken down into glucose. More stable blood glucose. Satisfies appetite longer.
Non-starchy, high fiber vegetables. Fresh fruits. Whole-grain products. Sweet potatoes. Nuts. |
