Biology Study Guide

Front 1

George Newport' Alternative Hypothesis

Back 1

<p>If sperm are parasites</p><p>And sperm are poured onto frog eggs</p><p>Then the frogs should not develop normally </p>

Front 2

Cell Division Theory

Back 2

<p>1. Paired chromosome duplicate before mitosis</p><p>2. Chromosomes move to center across from like chromosomes</p><p>3. Sets move to opposite sides of cells</p><p>4. Cell parts outside nucleus duplicate (cytokinesis) and new cell membrane forms </p>

Front 3

Cell Theory

Back 3

<p>1. Cells- structured and functional units of all organisms</p>2. Growth occurs when new cells arise by cell division, a process in which parent cell parts duplicate and separate into two sets

Front 4

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Back 4

<ol><li>Chromosomes contain hereditary instructions</li><li>Transmission to new body cells occurs during mitosis when dividing cell duplicates its chromosomes and passes one set to each new cell</li><li>Sperm and egg cells produced by meiosis; contain half the chromosome</li><li>Transmission of hereitary instructions to offspring takes place when sperm enters egg to produce zygote with complete set of chromosomes </li></ol>

Front 5

Mendel's Theory of Inheritance

Back 5

<ol><li>Particles guide developmen of characteristics</li><li>Genes pass unchanged from parents to offspring in sperm and eggs</li><li>All body cells have pair of genes for each chromosome</li><li>During gamete production, paired genes separate - equal chance gamete will receive one or other gene</li><li>Paired genes pass independantly</li><li>Genes recombine randomly during fertilization</li><li>One gene of pair dominates and guides development of observable characteristic</li></ol>

Front 6

Chi-Square

Back 6

<p>X² =(observed - predicted)²/predicted</p><p> </p><p># of categories minus 1, crossed with the decimal number from chi-square --> put on chart for probability of chance affecting experiment -->higher the number, less probable chance affected test </p>

Front 7

Cell Differentiation Theory

Back 7

<ol><li>Genes guide development</li><li>Genes initiate changes in fertilized egg to produce differentiated cytoplasm</li><li>Degree of cytoplasmic differentiation varies from species to species</li><li>As cell division occurs, identical genes pass to each offspring cell</li><li>Each division splits cytoplasm into two regions, each with differentiated cytoplasm</li><li>Differentiated cytoplasm modifies genes</li><li>Modified genes produce different cell types</li></ol>

Front 8

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Back 8

<ol><li>All life evolved from one relatively smple kind of organism</li><li>Each species arose from another that preceded</li><li>Evolutionary change occurs gradually over long time periods</li><li>Each species originated in one area</li><li>New species arose in same way as prior species</li><li>The greater similarity of two species, the closer their relationship and the more recent their common ancestor</li><li>Elimination of species occurs due to competition or to environmental change </li></ol>

Front 9

Stanley Miller's Experiment

Back 9

<p>If organic molecules first formed due to lightning striking the small, simple inorganic molecules present in the primitive Earth's atmosphere (chemosynthesis theory)</p><p>And a)a mixture of of the small inorganic molecules is placed in an enclosed space, b) treated repeatedly with an electrical spark, c) condensed, and d) analyzed</p><p>Then, more complex organic molecules should be found</p><p> </p><p>ALTERNATIVELY</p><p>if a creators powers are needed to form more complex organic molecules (special creation theory)..</p><p>then more complex organic molecules should not be found </p>

Front 10

Preformation Theory

Back 10

Embryos grow from preformed individuals in sperm and egg

Front 11

Roux Experiment -->contradicted environmental factors on development of embryo

Back 11

<p>Took frog embryos and rotated them constantly so that they never gained a sense of gravity</p><p> </p><p>Embryos developed naturally </p>

Front 12

Important for cell differentiation and how cells immediately begin individual roles --> good for Roux experiment where he killed half the embryo, and then the embryo grew exactly half

Back 12

Newton concluded that wherever the sperm enters the egg, that is where the endpeice of the embryo will be, whether it be the anus or mouth, and everything else will build around that

Front 13

Recapitulation Theory

Back 13

<ol><li>Embryos of different species from a taxonomic group resemble one another because they are related evolutionarily</li><li>The more closely related two species are in terms of their evolutionary history, the more closely their embryos resemble each other</li><li>Embryos resemble one another more closely in early development than in later development because the embryos of later species pass through stages that "retrace" their ancestor's evolution. For example, embryos of evolutionarily later animals pass through stages that resemble the embryos of evolutionarily species </li></ol>

Front 14

Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

Back 14

<ol><li>Populations have the potential to rapidly increase in #s from one generation to the next</li><li>In the short run, the number of individuals within populations remains fairly constant because the environment limits population growth</li><li>Individuals within populations are not all the same; they exhibit variations in their characteristics</li><li>There is a struggle for survival so that individuals having favorable variatios will survive to produce more offspring than those with unfavorable variations</li><li>Some of the variations responsible for differential survival and reproduction are passed from parent to offspring (ie. are heritable)</li><li>The environments of many organisms have been changing throughout geological time, and thus different variations are favored</li><li>Natural selection causes the accumulation of favorable variations and the loss of unfavorable variations.</li></ol>

Front 15

Synthetic Evolution Theory

Back 15

<ol><li>Each species has an isolated set of genes</li><li>Evolution is defined as the change of gene frequencies in the gene pool, of a species or sub-species</li><li>Individuals contain only a portion of the genes in its specie's gene pool, and the portion is different for each individual</li><li>The particular combination of genes in a sexually reproducing individual is the result of the combination of genes from its parents, recombination of its own genes, and genetic mutations</li><li>Initial separation that restricts gene exchange between sub-populations is essential for the sub-populations to begin evolving into new species</li><li>Changes in gene frequency are the result of natural selection, migration and non-directional changes such as genetic drift and mutation</li><li>Evolution may involve the change of a particular species across time (phyletic speciation) or an increase in the number of species (divervent speciation, adaptive speciation)</li><li>Speciation is complete when variations among the evolving populations are large enough so that gene exchange cannot occur even individual of the population meet </li></ol>