Biology Spring Final Exam

Front 1

scientists use observations and data to form and test

Back 1

hypothesis

Front 2

During an experiment, which factors are observed and measured?

Back 2

independent & dependent variable

Front 3

At which stage of the scientific method would scientists use data to propose a new experiment?

Back 3

forming a hypothesis

Front 4

the various parts of the Earth's biosphere are connected and

Back 4

diverse

Front 5

the variety of life across the biosphere is called

Back 5

biodiversity

Front 6

similar organisms that can reproduce by interbreeding belong to the same

Back 6

species

Front 7

a physical environment with different species interacting with living and nonliving things

Back 7

ecosystem

Front 8

the pattern of plant growth to recover from a fire, volcano, abandoned farm land, etc. is called

Back 8

sucession

Front 9

the smallest basic unit of matter

Back 9

atom

Front 10

atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make

Back 10

covalent bonds

Front 11

What gives water many properties that are important to living things?

Back 11

hydrogen bonds

Front 12

What is unique about carbon?

Back 12

bonding properties

Front 13

In Kool-aid which substance is the solvent? Solute?

Back 13

solvent; water, solute; powder

Front 14

both animal fats and plant oils are made up of glycerol and

Back 14

fatty acids

Front 15

the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction is decreased by a

Back 15

catalyst

Front 16

a solution that is hypotonic to a cell has

Back 16

fewer solutes than the cell

Front 17

Transport proteins play a role in which two processes?

Back 17

passive & active transport

Front 18

Which process requires no energy from the cell?

Back 18

facilitated diffusion

Front 19

Which molecule in food is commonly found to break down into ATP?

Back 19

carbohydrates

Front 20

chemosynthesis allows some organisms to use energy from

Back 20

chemicals in the absence of ATP

Front 21

list the 3 major principles of cell theory

Back 21

all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all existing cells are produced by other living cells

Front 22

Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information?

Back 22

nucleus

Front 23

describe the endoplasmic reticulum (er)

Back 23

studded with ribosomes

Front 24

Which organelle supplies energy to the cell?

Back 24

mitochondria

Front 25

Which organelle contains enzymes which break down and recycle old cell parts?

Back 25

lysosomes

Front 26

Which organelle is unique to plant cells?

Back 26

chloroplasts

Front 27

Which organelles are involved in the process of endocytosis?

Back 27

vesicles

Front 28

Which process allows the cell membrane and vesicles to fuse and release contents outside the cell?

Back 28

exocytosis

Front 29

What are the steps in the lock-and-key model of enzyme functions?

Back 29

enzyme causes new bond to bind with substrate

Front 30

What aspect of a chemical reaction is affected by enzymes?

Back 30

reaction rate

Front 31

Which process occurs inside the chloroplast?

Back 31

photosynthesis

Front 32

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

Back 32

water & carbon dioxide

Front 33

What happens to the sugars made during photosynthesis?

Back 33

can be used for cellular respiration

Front 34

Which molecule carries chemical energy for the cell to use in its cell functions?

Back 34

ATP

Front 35

the part of cellular respiration that needs oxygen takes place inside the

Back 35

mitochondria

Front 36

an electron transport chain produces ATP in

Back 36

photosynthesis & cellular respiration

Front 37

In which process is lactic acid formed without enough oxygen for cellular respiration?

Back 37

fermentation

Front 38

before cellular respiration, glucose must be broken down by what process

Back 38

glycolysis

Front 39

What are the three products of the Krebs cycle?

Back 39

carbon dioxide, CoA, NADH, & FADH

Front 40

before a cell can proceed to mitosis it must

Back 40

pass a critical checkpoint

Front 41

during interphase a cell grows, duplicates organelles, and

Back 41

copies DNA

Front 42

During which stage does the cytoplasm of the cell divide?

Back 42

mitosis (telophase/cytokinesis)

Front 43

in a single-celled organism mitosis is used for

Back 43

reproduction

Front 44

What does the term malignant mean when describing a tumor?

Back 44

causes tumors in other parts of the body

Front 45

What is the difference between a normal cell and a cancer cell?

Back 45

cancer cells divide uncontrollably

Front 46

What types of cells do not undergo the process of binary fission?

Back 46

multicellular organisms

Front 47

How many chromosomes are produced by humans after meiosis?

Back 47

23

Front 48

What is another term for diploid cell?

Back 48

somatic cell (body cell)

Front 49

What is the main difference between the four nucleotides?

Back 49

different bases

Front 50

What two scientists published the three dimensional shape (double helix) of DNA?

Back 50

Watson & Crick

Front 51

DNA replication, for humans, takes place in which organelle?

Back 51

nucleus

Front 52

What is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase during replication?

Back 52

bind nucleotides together

Front 53

What does messenger RNA do during transcription?

Back 53

delivers DNA's instructions for making a protein

Front 54

in order to produce all the protein needed by the cell, transcription takes place

Back 54

using a gene segment over and over

Front 55

What is the flow of genetic information in the cell?

Back 55

DNA > RNA > proteins

Front 56

describe the structure of a chromosome

Back 56

it is made of two chromatids

Front 57

two similar chromosomes inherited from your parents are called

Back 57

homologous chromosomes

Front 58

a distinguishing characteristic that can be inherited is called a

Back 58

trait

Front 59

describe a homozygous allele

Back 59

identical forms of same gene

Front 60

Which law states an organism inherits two copies of a gene, but donates one copy to their offspring?

Back 60

segregation

Front 61

Mendel used his experiments to show variations in offspring by

Back 61

controlling the fertilization process

Front 62

explain Mendel's 2nd law of genetics, independent assortment

Back 62

explains genetic variation within species

Front 63

genes that are _____ on a chromosome are more likely to be inherited together

Back 63

closer together

Front 64

recessive genes may not be expressed because

Back 64

they are masked by a dominant allele

Front 65

crossing over or recombination in sexually reproducing organisms is important in order to

Back 65

increase variety

Front 66

Which set of experiments did Mendel use to support traits being inherited seperately?

Back 66

dihybrid crosses

Front 67

a person who has a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele is

Back 67

homozygous for the recessive allele

Front 68

list a factor, not inherited from the parents that will influence gene expression

Back 68

environment

Front 69

for an XX female to express a recessive sex-linked trait, she must have

Back 69

two recessive alleles

Front 70

What term describes a trait that can be influenced by several genes?

Back 70

polygenic trait

Front 71

describe a person that is a carrier for a genetic disorder

Back 71

does not have disorder, but can pass it on

Front 72

In a recessive sex-linked disorder, which gender can be the ONLY carriers?

Back 72

females

Front 73

the Y chromosome can't mask the traits on an X chromosome, so which gender usually show sex-linked disorders?

Back 73

males

Front 74

What tool is used to match chromosome pairs?

Back 74

karyotype

Front 75

What is the name given for genetic changes in living things over time?

Back 75

evolution

Front 76

When studying a pond what levels of classification are preset?

Back 76

organism > population > community > ecosystem

Front 77

Bacteria, in yogurt, are considered what type of symbiotic relationship with humans?

Back 77

mutualistic

Front 78

a plant's leaf consists of

Back 78

various types of tissue

Front 79

Why do cells lining the stomach divide more quickly than cells in the liver?

Back 79

undergo more wear and tear

Front 80

reproduction for a starfish occurs through

Back 80

asexual mitosis

Front 81

When your kidneys take up more calcium and release vitamin D, bones release calcium, and your intestines increase the reabsorption of calcium the blood-calcium level should?

Back 81

increase 8mg/100mL to 10mg/100mL