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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
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1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function. 3. Cells come from cells. |
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What type of microscope sees 3D images?
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SEM - scanning electron microscope
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How can you identify a prokaryote?
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no nucleus
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Organisms with DNA in a nucleus are called what?
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eukaryotes
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What are some example prokaryotes?
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bacteria
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WHat are some example eukaryotes?
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plants, animals, fungi and protists
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What is the function of the nucleus?
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stores DNA and controls the cell
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What is inside a nucleus?
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chromatin - DNA
nucleolus - RNA |
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What organelle breaks down food and old worn out cell parts?
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lysosome
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
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framework and movement
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In what organelle are proteins made?
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ribosomes
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What 2 organelles are involved in energy conversion?
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mitochondria and chloroplasts
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What organelle is in plant cells but not animal cells?
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chloroplasts
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What is the main function of the cell wall?
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support and protection
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What is a function of the cell membrane?
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selectively permeable - regulate transport of materials in and out of the cell
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the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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osmosis
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what type of particle transport requires energy?
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active transport
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a group of similar cells performing a common function
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tissue
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How is energy released from ATP?
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break off a phosphate
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What allows plants to trap sunlight?
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pigments like chlorophyll
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What makes plants appear green?
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Chlorophyll reflects green and absorbs the rest
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Photosynthesis uses what to make what?
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uses - CO2 and H2O
makes - sugars and O2 |
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How do organisms get energy?
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slowly breaking down food
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What is meant by aerobic respiration?
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uses oxygen
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Where does photosynthesis occur? Where does respiration occur?
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photosynthesis - chloroplast
respiration - mitochondrion |
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What organisms do cellular respiration?
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all organisms
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Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
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in muscles - makes them tired and sore
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What happens to surface area as a cell gets larger?
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surface ratio gets smaller
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What is the big advantage of sexual reproduction?
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genetic diversity
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Name the phases of mitosis in order.
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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What phase of mitosis lines the chromosomes up at the equator?
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metaphase
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What do the spindle fibers do during mitosis?
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move, separate the chromosomes
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What is cancer?
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cells growing and dividing out of control
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mass of cells formed by cancer
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tumors
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What is the importance of stem cells?
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can become other cell types
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What kind of organism do we call a mule since it is a mix of two organisms?
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hybrid
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having two identical alleles for a trait is called
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homozygous
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Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics apply to what organisms?
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all
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If a diploid number is 12, what is the haploid number?
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6
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If a haploid number is 8, what is the diploid number?
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16
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If T is tall and t is short, what genotype will be short?
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tt
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What process makes gametes?
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meiosis
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What type and how many cells are made by meiosis?
mitosis? |
meiosis - 4 - haploid, different cells
mitosis - 2 diploid, identical cells |
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What bases go together in DNA?
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A-T
G-C |
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What is DNA replication?
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makes 2 identical DNA molecules
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What do DNA nad RNA have in common?
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nucleic acids with sugar, phosphates, and bases (A, G, C)
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What are the 3 types of RNA, and what does each do?
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mRNA - reads DNA and carries message to ribosome
tRNA - brings in amino acids and hooks them together rRNA - builds ribosomes |
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What do genes code for?
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proteins
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
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46
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What are the sex chromosomes of a male? female?
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male - XY
female - XX |
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What is the purpose of the human genome project?
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map out all human DNA
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What is the possible result of inbreeding?
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more likely to bring rare recessive traits together causing recessive diseases to show up
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Why does DNA fingerprinting work?
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no two people other than identical twins have the same DNA
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What was Darwin's idea of evolution?
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organisms were suited to their environment where they lived
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What was different about Darwin's finches, and why?
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different beaks because they had different food available
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What did Hutton and Lyell do for Darwin?
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said the earth was much older than previously thought - long enough for small changes to add up
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when farmers choose the traits they want from natural variation to create different livestock or crops
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artificial selection
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What makes organisms more able to survive - traits
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adaptations
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the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce
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fitness
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structures that have no apparent use but are traces of a structure in an evolutionaary ancestor
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vestigial structures
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all the genes in a population
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gene pool
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a change in genetic material by mutation, crossing over during meiosis, or sexual reproduction
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recombination
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when individuals at one end of a bell curve have higher fitness
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directional selection
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when individuals in the middle of a bell curve have the highest fitness
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stabilizing selection
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when individuals at each end of a bell curve have higher fitness, and the middle or average is unfit
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disruptive selection
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If a mutation created a new trait, what would determine if the new allele would become more or less frequent?
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if the new trait made the organism more fit, it would become more common
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the separation of organisms by mountains or rivers
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geographic isolation
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what is one possible way to define a species
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they mate and produce offspring
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what is the scientific method for giving organisms a name
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binomial nomenclature
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classification groups based on evolutionary relationships
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taxa
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In the scientific name Homo sapien, Homo is called the what? sapien is the what?
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Homo - genus name
sapien - species name |
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Homo habilis and Homo erectus are in what same group? How are they different?
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same genus but different species
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Name the levels of classification (taxa) in order.
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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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What is the largest taxon? How many are there?
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domain - 3
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What is the smallest taxon?
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species
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a group of related classes go in the same what?
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phylum
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a group of related species go in the same what?
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genus
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a class of organisms with hair that feed their young milk and are endothermic
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mammals
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a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed on to descendants
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derived character
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similarities in DNA indicate what?
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evolutionary relationship - common ancestors
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In what type of rock are most fossils found?
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sedimentary
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How does sedimentary rock form?
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small particles of sand, silt, and clay settle and are compressed often by water
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the period of time it takes for a radioactive element to decay
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half life
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Name the eras in order from oldest to youngest.
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Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
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The period of time befor the Paleozoic Era
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Precambrian
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The basic time divisions of the geologic time scale from largest to smallest
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eras, periods, epochs
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How do index fossils work?
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They are easily recognized, and we know their age because they occured over a short period of time in a large geographic range.
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Why do we believe that the land masses fit together like a puzzle?
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plate tectonics, they have moved but were once together
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What does the idea of gradualism say?
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species evolve at a slow, steady pace
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long periods of evolutionary stability interrupted by brief spurts of rapid change
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punctuated equilibrium
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when two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time like bees and flowers
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coevolution
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Why did the early earth not have oceans at first?
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too hot - water would have evaporated
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How does sexual reproduction provide variety?
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genes from two parents are mixed
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What type of organism do we think land plants evolved from?
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similar to green algae
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What characteristics did plants need to develop to succeed on land?
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conservation of water and support
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How would animals be affected if plants did not move onto land?
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no animals would live on land
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The life cycle of plants with two phases is called what?
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alternation of generations
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what type of environment do mosses inhabit?
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moist, shaded
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what is the vascular tissue in a plant, and what does it carry?
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xylem - water
phloem - sap - sugars |
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why is vascular tissue like xylem and phloem important?
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can carry materials over longer distances and let the plant get taller
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what is a plant embryo, food supply and a protective convering?
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seed
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How do plants get pollinated?
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wind or animals
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plants that live only a year
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annuals
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plants that live many years
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perennials
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what holds plants in the ground
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roots
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What does a ripened plant ovary become? Why are they important?
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fruit - attract animals to disperse seeds
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what plant structure is designed to catch sunlight?
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leaves
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what type of tissue covers the outside of a plant?
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dermal tissue
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what do tree rings show
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plant growth
small ring - little growth |
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growth tissue in plants
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meristems
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Where does a plant grow taller? wider?
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taller - apical meristem at tip
wider - cork and bark layers |
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cells that close stomata
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guard cells
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pores in a plant
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stomata
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water loss through stomata
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transpiration
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alive but not growing
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dormant
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sprouting of a seed
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germination
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Why is dormancy a good thing?
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lets organism resume growth when conditions are good
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