Biology Semester 1 Exam Test Summary Report

Front 1

1.1.1 State the goals of science

Back 1

To Provide Natural explanations of events in the natural world

use those explanations to understand patterns in nature , make useful predictions about natural events

Hint 1

natural explanations

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1.1.2 Describe the steps used in scientific methodology

Back 2

Scientific methodology involves observing and asking questions, making inferences, and forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions

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1.2.2 Describe the importance of peer review

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Publishing peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals allows researchers to share ideas and to test and evaluate each other's work

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1.2.3 Explain what a scientific theory is

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a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations

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1.3.1 List the characteristics of living things

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living things are made up of basic units called cells, are based upon a universal genetic code, obtain and use materials and energy , grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time.

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1.3.2 Identify the Central themes of biology

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The study of biology revolves around several interlocking big ideas: The cellular basis of life; information and heredity; matter and energy; growth; development; and reproduction; homeostasis; evolution; structure and function unity and diversity of life; interdependence in nature; and science as a way of knowing.

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1.3.4 Discuss the importance of a universal system of measurement

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Most Scientists use the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments

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2.1.1 Identify three subatomic particles found in atoms

Back 8

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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2.1.2 Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are similar and how they are different

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Because they have the same number of electrons, all isotopes of elements have the same chemical properties though they have different number of neutrons

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2.1.3 Explain how compounds are different from their component elements

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The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements from which it was formed

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2.1.4 Describe the main types of chemical bonds

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The main types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds

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2.2.2 Differentiate between solutions and suspensions

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A solution is evenly spread throughout the cell

A suspension is a mixture of water and nondissolved material

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2.3.1 Describe the unique qualities of Carbon

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Carbon can bond with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen to form the molecules of life

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2.4.2 Describe how energy changes will affect how easily a chemical reaction will occur

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Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their own or spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not concur without a source of energy

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2.4.3 Explain why Enzymes are important to living things

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enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells

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3.1.2 Explain how biotic factors and abiotic factors affect the biosphere

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The biological influences on organisms are called biotic factors.

Physical components of an ecosystem are called abiotic factors

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3.1.3 Describe the methods used to study ecology

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Regardless of their tools modern ecologists use three methods in the work: observation, experimentation, and modeling. Each of these approaches relies on scientific methodology to guide inquiry

Front 18

3.3.1 Trace the flow of energy through living things

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Energy flows through an ecosystem in a one-way stream from primary producers to various consumers

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3.3.2 Identify the three types of ecological pyramids

Back 19

pure midst of energy sure the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or food web.

A pyramid of biomass illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level.

A Pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

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3.4.3 Explain why nutrients are important in living systems

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Every organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out life functions. like water, nutrients pass through organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.The three pathways or cycles that move carbon, nitrogen phosphorus through the biosphere especially critical for life

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4.2.3 Describe the role predation and herbivory play in shaping communities

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Predators can affect the prey population, and determine the place is prey can live.

Herbivores affect both size and distribution of plant populations in the community and the place is that certain plants can survive and grow.

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4.3.1 Describe how ecosystems recover from a disturbance

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Ecosystems change over time especially after disturbances as some species die out and new species move in

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4.3.2 sCompare succession after a natural disturbance with succession after a human-caused disturbance

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Natural secondary succession results in the original climax community

Ecosystems may or may not recover from extensive human-caused disturbances

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4.5.3 Describe the importance of estuaries

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estuaries serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many important fish and shellfish species

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4.5.4 Describe and compare the distinct ocean zones that make up marine ecosystems

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ecologists typically divide the ocean into zones based on depth and distance from shore.

Photic zone:0-200m low nutrients level, supports only smallest species of the phytoplankton,

Though most photos synthesis on earth occurs in the sunlit top hundred meters of the open ocean

Aphotic zone: 200m- 10,000m

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5.1.1 List the characteristics used to describe a population

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researchers study populations Geographic range, density and distribution, Growth rate and age structure.

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5.1.3 Describe exponential growth

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the size of each generation of offspring will be larger than the generation before it.

The larger a population gets, the faster it grows

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5.1.4 Describe Logistic Growth

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logistic growth occurs in populations growth slows and then stops, following a period of exponential growth

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5.2.1 Identify factors that determine carrying capacity

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Acting separately or together limiting factors determine the carrying capacity of environment for a species

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5.2.2 Identify the limiting factors that depend on population density

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Density-dependent limiting factors include competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, disease and stress from overcrowding

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5.2.3 Identify the limiting factors that do not depend on population density

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unusual weather and natural disasters

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5.3.1 Discuss the trend of human population growth

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The population growth rate has tended to increase dramatically overtime.

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5.3.2 Explain why population growth rates differ in countries throughout the world

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birth rates, death rates and age structure of a population. A.K.A demography

Front 34

6.1.1 Describe human activities that can affect the biosphere

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agriculture development and industry, ways that have a harmful impact on the earth's resources

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6.2.2 Describe how human activities affect water resources

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waste pollution, industrial and agricultural chemicals, presidential sewage, and nonpoint sources

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6.2.3 Describe how human activities affect air resources

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Air pollution(smog, acid rain, greenhouse gases, and particulates)

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6.3.2 Identify Current threats to biodiversity

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alteration of habitats, hunting,new invasive species, climate change, pollution into food webs

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6.3.3 Describe how biodiversity can be preserved

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protect individual species, preserve habitats and ecosystems, make certain that neighbors of protected areas benefit from conservation efforts

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6.4.1 Explain the concept of ecological footprint

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the total area functioning land and water ecosystems needed to provide nutrients, and make harmless the waste an individual produces.

Front 40

6.4.2 Explain the role of ecology in a sustainable future

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feature the biosphere depends on our ecological footprint, Global population growth and technological development

Front 41

7.1.1 State the cell theory

Back 41

States that:

1. all living things are made up of cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

3. New cells are produced from existing cells

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7.1.3 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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prokaryotic: did not separate their genetic material in a nucleus

Eukaryotes: nucleus separate the genetic material from the rest of the cell

Front 43

7.2.1 Describe the structure and function of the cell nucleus

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contains most of the cells DNA and, with it, the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules

Front 44

7.2.4 Describe the function of the chloroplasts and mitochondria in the cell

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Chloroplasts convert sun energy into chemical energy for plants in a process called Photosynthesis.

Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cells to use

Front 45

7.4.1 Explain how unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis

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grow,respond to the environment, transform energy and reproduce

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7.4.2 Explain how multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis

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become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis

Front 47

8.1.1 Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities

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able to easily release and store energy by breaking and reforming the bonds between its phosphate groups. this makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells

Front 48

8.1.2 Explain where plants get the energy they need to produce food

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during the process of photosynthesis, plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates.

Front 49

8.2.1Explain the role of light and pigments in photosynthesis

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Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with pigments

Front 50

8.2.3 State the overall equation for photosynthesis

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carbon dioxide + water → sugars + Oxygen

Light

Front 51

8.3.1 Describe what happens during the light-dependent reactions

Back 51

use energy from sunlight produce oxygen and convert ADP and an NADP+ into the Energy carriers ATP and NADPH

Front 52

9.1.1 Explain where organisms get the energy they need for life processes

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they get their energy from food

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9.1.2 Define Cellular respiration

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The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

Front 54

9.1.3 Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food

Front 55

9.2.2 Describe what happens during the Krebs cycle

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during the Krebs cycle pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of Energy-extracting reactions

Front 56

9.3.1 Explain how organisms get energy in the absence of oxygen

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In the absence of oxygen, fermentation releases energy from the food molecules by producing ATP

Front 57

9.3.2 Identify the pathways the body uses to release energy during exercise

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For short, quick bursts of energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentationFor exercise longer than about 90 seconds cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP