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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do enzymes help cells to do?
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Degrade complex organic molecules simpler ones
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Catabolic Pathways
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Metabolic Pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules
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fermentation
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a catabolic process which is a partial degradation of sugars that occur without the use of oxygen
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cellular respiration
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breakdown of sugar with the use of oxygen
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where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotes
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the mitochondria
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What is the summary eqaution for respiration
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c6h12o6 + 6o2 > 6co2 +6h2o + energy (ATP)
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Oxidation- Reduction Reactions
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transfer of one or more elctrons from one reactant to another
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oxidation
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the loss of electrons from one substance
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reduction
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the addition of electrons to another substance
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reducing agent
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the electron donor
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oxidizing agaent
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the electron acceptor
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what effect does electronegativity have on atoms?
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the more electronegative, the more energy is required to take the electron away from it
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explain the conditions of organic molecules with alot of excess hydrogens
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called "hilltop" molecules because they are a good source of fuel where energy is released and the electrons "fall" down an energy gradient when they are transferred to oxygen
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Describe the flow of electrons regarding Activation Energy
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The Activation Energy holds back the flow of electrons to a lower energy state
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Glucose is broken down in a __________.
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Series of steps
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In the electron transport chain, each step is catalyzed by an ____________.
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Enzyme
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In the electron transport chain, ________ travel w/ ________.
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electrons
protons (hydrogen atoms) |
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where do the hydrogens go?
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they go to coenzyme NAD+
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What does NAD+ stand for?
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
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When the Hydrogen goes to the coenzyme what does the NAD+ become?
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It becomes an electron electron acceptor and functions as the oxidizing agent during respiration
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Explain the process of how NAD+ traps electrons from glucose
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dehydrogenases remove a pair of hydrogen atoms from subtrate( a sugar) which oxidizes it dehydrogenase deliver 2 electrons and 1 proton to the coenzyme NAD+ and the other proton is released as H+ into the solution. When the NAD+ recieves 2 elect and 2 protons it becomes NADH. Each NADH is used as stored energy to make ATP.
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Electron transport chain
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used by respiration to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into sevral steps instead of 1 large reaction
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what does the transport chain consist of?
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consists of molecules built into the inner membrane of a mitochondria
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What is the process of ceullar repiration with electrons traveling "downhill"
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food>NADH>elecron transport chain>oxygen
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WHat are the three stages of cellular respiration
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glycolysis
citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation" electron transport and chemiosmosis |
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What are the first two stages of cellular respiration and what do they do?
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glycolysis and citric acid cycle
decompose glucose and other organic fuels. |
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glycolysis
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breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
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where does glycolysis occur?
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the cytosol
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citric acid cycle
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complete breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to co2.
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where doe the citric acid cycle occur
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in the mitochondria matrix
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What is the 3rd stage of cellular respiration and what does it do?
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electron transport chain
accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the 1st two stages via NADH |
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energy at each step is stored to make _____
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ATP
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oxidative phosphorylation
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modeo f ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions of the electron transport chain
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electron transport and chemiosmosis occur where in the mito?
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the inner membrane
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together, the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make up _________.
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oxidative phosphorylation
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substrate level phosphorylation
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a mode of ATP synthesis where a smaller amount of ATP is formed by glycolysis and the ctric acid cycle
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about how much ATP is made with oxidative phosphorylation
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90 percent
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about how much ATP is made with substrate level phosphorylation
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10 percent
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when does substrate level phosphorylation occur?
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when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP
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for each molecule of CO2 degraded by water how much ATP is formed
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38
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